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Sulfur is an essential element in biological systems, contributing to synthesizing key biomolecules, including amino acids such as cysteine and methionine, and cofactors such as coenzyme A and biotin. Microorganisms primarily assimilate sulfur as sulfate (SO₄²⁻) from the environment, which must undergo a series of biochemical transformations before it can be incorporated into cellular components. As sulfate is highly oxidized, it must undergo assimilatory sulfate reduction to become...
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Preparation and Reactions of Sulfides02:26

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS

Published on: August 31, 2017

Persulfate activation by subsurface minerals.

Mushtaque Ahmad1, Amy L Teel, Richard J Watts

  • 1Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-2910, USA.

Journal of Contaminant Hydrology
|May 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This study shows that specific iron and manganese oxides effectively activate persulfate for in situ chemical oxidation. However, these minerals in natural soil are less reactive, likely due to lower concentrations.

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Preparation of Authigenic Pyrite from Methane-bearing Sediments for In Situ Sulfur Isotope Analysis Using SIMS
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Synthesis of Terpolymers at Mild Temperatures Using Dynamic Sulfur Bonds in Poly(S-Divinylbenzene)
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Published on: May 20, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Geochemistry
  • Soil Science

Background:

  • In situ chemical oxidation (ISCO) is a remediation technique.
  • Persulfate activation by subsurface minerals is crucial for ISCO effectiveness.
  • Understanding mineral-matrix interactions is key to optimizing ISCO.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate persulfate activation by subsurface minerals.
  • Determine mineral-mediated decomposition of persulfate and oxidant/reductant generation.
  • Compare reactivity of synthetic minerals versus minerals in natural soil.

Main Methods:

  • Studied persulfate activation with four iron/manganese oxides and two clays at low and high pH.
  • Used nitrobenzene as an oxidant probe and hexachloroethane as a reductant probe.
  • Evaluated a natural soil and its fractions to assess real-world mineral reactivity.

Main Results:

  • Manganese oxide birnessite effectively initiated persulfate for oxidant generation.
  • Iron oxide goethite was most effective for reductant generation.
  • Natural soil and fractions showed limited persulfate activation; soil organic matter promoted reductant generation at high pH.

Conclusions:

  • Synthetic iron and manganese oxides effectively activate persulfate to produce oxidants and reductants.
  • The lower reactivity of metal oxides in natural soil suggests concentration-dependent activation.
  • Further research is needed to understand soil organic matter's role in persulfate activation.