Tolerance and accumulation characteristics of cadmium in Amaranthus hybridus L

Because of its toxicity to animals and humans, cadmium (Cd) is an environmentally important heavy metal. Consequently, researchers are interested in using hyperaccumulator and accumulator plants to decontaminate Cd polluted soils. To investigate Cd tolerance, uptake and accumulation by Amaranthus hybridus L., Cd concentration gradients were applied to a soil (at rates of 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150 and 180 mg kg(-1)) and hydroponics solutions (at rates of 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 30, and 40 mg L(-1)) following a field survey. A. hybridus grew normally at added Cd concentrations < or =90 mg kg(-1) and < or =20 mg L(-1) in the soil culture and in the hydroponics solutions, respectively. In the hydroponics solutions, peroxidase activity showed a quadratic relationship and catalase activity changed irregularly with increasing Cd concentrations. The highest Cd concentration and accumulation in shoots were 241.56 mg kg(-1) and 1006.95 microg pot(-1) in the soil culture, and 354.56 mg kg(-1) and 668.42 microg pot(-1) in the hydroponics experiment. Bioconcentration factors in soil culture and hydroponics solutions were 0.58-1.22 and 5.18-17.55, and translocation factors were 0.64-1.50 and 0.33-0.92, respectively. A. hybridus has potential phytoremediation capability in Cd polluted soils.