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Related Concept Videos

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation01:19

Special considerations while measuring oxygen saturation

Assessing respiratory rate concurrently with pulse measurement is fundamental to patient care, providing valuable insights into the patient's respiratory function. The normal breathing rate for an adult usually falls within a normal range of 12 to 20 breaths per minute. Abnormal respiratory rates can signal underlying health conditions or the need for immediate intervention.
Ensuring accuracy in vital sign recordings while prioritizing patient comfort and minimizing anxiety is important. 
Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs01:19

Guidelines For Measuring Vital Signs

Following these guidelines can help nurses accurately measure vital signs, assess changes in patient conditions, and provide timely treatment when necessary. Adhering closely to the guidelines ensures the accuracy and reliability of the results.
Before taking a patient's vital signs, a nurse would consider and assess the patient's comfort level and ensure appropriate equipment is available.
Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion01:17

Assessment of Diffusion and Perfusion

Understanding and evaluating diffusion and perfusion is critical in assessing a patient's respiratory and circulatory health. These processes play key roles in maintaining the body's internal environment, ensuring that tissues receive adequate oxygen while waste products are efficiently removed.
The Role of Diffusion in Respiration
Diffusion is the process by which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. In the respiratory system, this principle...
Pulse Oximetry01:24

Pulse Oximetry

Pulse oximetry, or SpO2, is a non-invasive method for continuously monitoring arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2). This procedure involves attaching a probe or sensor to the patient's fingertip, forehead, earlobe, or nose bridge. The sensor works by detecting changes in oxygen saturation levels through light signals generated by the oximeter and reflected by the pulsing blood under the probe.
Purpose
Average SpO2 values are greater than 95%. If the readings fall below 90%, it indicates that...
Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask01:26

Oxygen Delivering System I: Nasal Cannula and Face Mask

The human body requires oxygen to function, and when the natural process of respiration is hindered, external devices, including the following, are needed to help deliver this vital gas.
Nasal Cannula
A nasal cannula is a lightweight tube split at one end into two prongs and placed in the nostrils. It is typically used to deliver low to medium levels of oxygen.
Suggested flow rate: The suggested flow rate for a nasal cannula typically ranges between 1 and 6 L/min.
Oxygen percentage setting:...
Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications01:19

Respiratory Assessment: Purpose and Indications

Respiratory assessment is a cornerstone of nursing assessments, crucial for the early detection of patient deterioration. This evaluation transcends routine procedures, representing a critical skill nurses must master to ensure optimal patient care.
Objectives and Importance:
The primary goal of respiratory assessment is to evaluate patients at early risk of clinical deterioration. Since respiratory distress often precedes other signs of declining health, breathing patterns and sounds become a...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
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How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children

Published on: August 19, 2020

Defining the reference range for oxygen saturation for infants after birth.

Jennifer A Dawson1, C Omar F Kamlin, Maximo Vento

  • 1Neonatal Services, The Royal Women's Hospital, Melbourne, Australia. jennifer.dawson@thewomens.org.au

Pediatrics
|May 5, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study establishes normal pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) reference ranges for newborns in the first 10 minutes of life without medical intervention. These findings provide crucial data for assessing infant well-being immediately after birth.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

How to Administer Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Critically ill Neonates, Infants, and Children
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Published on: March 14, 2013

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10:36

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Published on: October 11, 2011

Area of Science:

  • Neonatal physiology
  • Pediatric critical care

Background:

  • Establishing normal physiological parameters is crucial for neonatal care.
  • Pulse oxygen saturation (SpO2) monitoring is a key indicator of cardiorespiratory adaptation in newborns.
  • Lack of established reference ranges for SpO2 in the immediate postnatal period without intervention poses a challenge.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To define reference ranges for SpO2 in the first 10 minutes after birth.
  • To provide data for infants who did not receive any medical intervention in the delivery room.
  • To analyze SpO2 trends across different gestational ages.

Main Methods:

  • Studied 468 infants.
  • Excluded infants receiving supplemental oxygen or assisted ventilation.
  • Measured SpO2 using a right-hand/wrist sensor every 2 seconds.

Main Results:

  • Collected 61,650 SpO2 data points.
  • At 1 minute, SpO2 percentiles ranged from 29% (3rd) to 92% (97th).
  • Median time to reach >90% SpO2 was 7.9 minutes; preterm infants showed slower increases.

Conclusions:

  • Presented reference ranges for SpO2 in the first 10 minutes post-birth.
  • Data are stratified for term, late preterm, and extremely preterm infants.
  • These ranges aid in evaluating immediate neonatal adaptation.