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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation02:35

Electrophilic Addition to Alkynes: Hydrohalogenation

Electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides, HX (X = Cl, Br or I) to alkenes forms alkyl halides as per Markovnikov's rule, where the hydrogen gets added to the less substituted carbon of the double bond. Hydrohalogenation of alkynes takes place in a similar manner, with the first addition of HX forming a vinyl halide and the second giving a geminal dihalide.
Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

Inductive Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

The protons in unsubstituted alkanes are strongly shielded with chemical shifts below 1.8 ppm. Methine, methylene, and methyl protons appear at approximately 1.7, 1.2 and 0.7 ppm, while the proton signal from methane appears at 0.23 ppm. An electronegative substituent, such as chlorine, withdraws the electron density from the protons, increasing their chemical shift. Progressive substitution of the hydrogens in methane by chlorine shifts the proton signals increasingly downfield, to 3.05 ppm in...
Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene01:17

Electrophilic 1,2- and 1,4-Addition of HX to 1,3-Butadiene

The electrophilic addition of hydrogen halides such as HBr to alkenes and nonconjugated dienes gives a single product as per Markovnikov’s rule.
Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination01:31

Radical Substitution: Allylic Chlorination

Typically, when alkenes react with halogens at low temperatures, an addition reaction occurs. However, upon increasing the temperature or under reaction conditions that form radicals, providing a low but steady concentration of halogen radicals, allylic substitution reaction is favored. This is because allylic hydrogens are very reactive as the formed intermediate is resonance stabilized. For example, when propene is treated with chlorine in the gas phase at 400 °C, it undergoes allylic...
Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation02:13

Reduction of Alkenes: Catalytic Hydrogenation

Alkenes undergo reduction by the addition of molecular hydrogen to give alkanes. Because the process generally occurs in the presence of a transition-metal catalyst, the reaction is called catalytic hydrogenation.
Metals like palladium, platinum, and nickel are commonly used in their solid forms — fine powder on an inert surface. As these catalysts remain insoluble in the reaction mixture, they are referred to as heterogeneous catalysts.
The hydrogenation process takes place on the surface of...
IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding01:23

IR Spectrum Peak Broadening: Hydrogen Bonding

The vibrational frequency of a bond is directly proportional to its bond strength. As a result, stronger bonds vibrate at higher frequencies, while weaker bonds vibrate at lower frequencies. The stretching vibration of the strong O–H bond in alcohols and phenols (very dilute solution or gas phase) appears as a sharp peak at 3600–3650 cm−1.
However, the extent of hydrogen bonding influences the observed stretching frequency and band broadening. Intermolecular or intramolecular hydrogen bonding...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy
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Characterizing Lewis Pairs Using Titration Coupled with In Situ Infrared Spectroscopy

Published on: February 20, 2020

Infrared study on hydrogen chloride complexed with allene.

Michele Chevalier1, Michel Broquier, Valerie Brenner

  • 1CNRS, Laboratoire de Photophysique Moléculaire UPR3361, Univ. Paris-Sud, F-91405 Orsay, France. michele.chevalier@u-psud.fr

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|May 6, 2010
PubMed
Summary

This study presents the first rotationally resolved infrared spectrum of the C(3)H(4)-HCl molecular complex. Researchers observed line broadening, indicating a shorter excited state lifetime with increasing complex size.

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Preparation of a Corannulene-functionalized Hexahelicene by Copper(I)-catalyzed Alkyne-azide Cycloaddition of Nonplanar Polyaromatic Units
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10:42

Infrared Degenerate Four-wave Mixing with Upconversion Detection for Quantitative Gas Sensing

Published on: March 22, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Chemical Physics
  • Molecular Spectroscopy
  • Quantum Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding intermolecular forces is crucial for chemical reactions.
  • Infrared spectroscopy provides detailed information on molecular vibrations and structures.
  • Previous studies have investigated smaller hydrogen-bonded complexes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To obtain the first rotationally resolved infrared spectrum of the C(3)H(4)-HCl complex.
  • To determine rotational constants and vibrational frequencies.
  • To compare experimental data with high-level ab initio calculations.

Main Methods:

  • High-resolution infrared spectroscopy using a slit jet expansion.
  • Analysis of rotational structure to obtain molecular parameters.
  • Comparison with coupled-cluster (CCSD(T)/cc-pVTZ) ab initio calculations.

Main Results:

  • Successful recording of rotationally resolved IR spectra for C(3)H(4)-HCl.
  • Determination of rotational constants and vibrational frequencies.
  • Observed line broadening correlated with complex size and vibrational shifts linked to proton affinity.

Conclusions:

  • The study provides the first detailed spectroscopic characterization of the C(3)H(4)-HCl complex.
  • Observed trends in line broadening and spectral shifts offer insights into intermolecular interactions and excited state dynamics.
  • Experimental findings are in good agreement with theoretical predictions.