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Related Concept Videos

Protein Networks02:26

Protein Networks

An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...
Protein Networks02:26

Protein Networks

An organism can have thousands of different proteins, and these proteins must cooperate to ensure the health of an organism. Proteins bind to other proteins and form complexes to carry out their functions. Many proteins interact with multiple other proteins creating a complex network of protein interactions.
These interactions can be represented through maps depicting protein-protein interaction networks, represented as nodes and edges. Nodes are circles that are representative of a protein,...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts01:57

Protein Complexes with Interchangeable Parts

Groups of proteins may form a complex where each protein in this complex has a different role in the overall execution of the complex’s function. Often some of the proteins in the complex can be replaced by a closely related variant to give a complex that contains many of the same components yet is functionally distinct.
The SCF ubiquitin ligase is a protein complex of five individual proteins. This complex attaches ubiquitin to other target proteins to mark them for degradation. In order to...
Proteomics01:33

Proteomics

A proteome is the entire set of proteins that a cell type produces. We can study proteomes using the knowledge of genomes because genes code for mRNAs, and the mRNAs encode proteins. Although mRNA analysis is a step in the right direction, not all mRNAs are translated into proteins.
Proteomics is the study of proteomes' function. It involves the large-scale systematic study of the proteome to denote the protein complement expressed by a genome. Scientist Mark Wilkins coined the term proteomics...
Protein-protein Interfaces02:04

Protein-protein Interfaces

Many proteins form complexes to carry out their functions, making protein-protein interactions (PPIs) essential for an organism's survival. Most PPIs are stabilized by numerous weak noncovalent chemical forces. The physical shape of the interfaces determines the way two proteins interact. Many globular proteins have closely-matching shapes on their surfaces, which form a large number of weak bonds. Additionally, many PPIs occur between two helices or between a surface cleft and a polypeptide...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
04:16

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Published on: February 7, 2025

Human milk proteins: an interactomics and updated functional overview.

Angelo D'Alessandro1, Andrea Scaloni, Lello Zolla

  • 1Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Tuscia, Largo dell'Università, snc, 01100 Viterbo, Italy.

Journal of Proteome Research
|May 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Human milk proteins offer more than just nutrition and immunity. They actively stimulate infant tissue growth and immune system development through complex molecular pathways.

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Analysis of Protein-protein Interactions and Co-localization Between Components of Gap, Tight, and Adherens Junctions in Murine Mammary Glands
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Analysis of Protein-protein Interactions and Co-localization Between Components of Gap, Tight, and Adherens Junctions in Murine Mammary Glands

Published on: May 30, 2017

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings
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Individualized Reconstitution of Human Milk Microbiota: A Feasible Approach in Real-World Settings

Published on: February 7, 2025

Analysis of Protein-protein Interactions and Co-localization Between Components of Gap, Tight, and Adherens Junctions in Murine Mammary Glands
11:31

Analysis of Protein-protein Interactions and Co-localization Between Components of Gap, Tight, and Adherens Junctions in Murine Mammary Glands

Published on: May 30, 2017

Area of Science:

  • Proteomics
  • Bioinformatics
  • Human milk composition

Background:

  • Milk proteins are diverse, with concentrations varying significantly.
  • Previous studies often focused on individual milk proteins, lacking a holistic view.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To comprehensively analyze human milk proteins using integrated bioinformatics approaches.
  • To compare human milk proteins with bovine milk proteins.
  • To elucidate the multifaceted biological roles of human milk proteins.

Main Methods:

  • Combined functional gene ontology enrichment (FatiGO/Babelomics), hierarchical clustering, and pathway/network analyses.
  • Literature data mining of protein-oriented human milk studies.
  • Comparison with bovine milk protein inventories and Ingenuity Knowledge Base.

Main Results:

  • A nonredundant list of 285 human milk protein entries was generated.
  • A core of 106 proteins was identified, common to human and bovine milk.
  • Key functions include nutrient transport, immune response, and cellular proliferation.

Conclusions:

  • Human milk proteins are crucial for infant nutrition, immunity, and direct stimulation of neonate tissue growth.
  • They play a vital role in developing the infant's independent immune system via molecular cascades.
  • This study provides a holistic perspective on human milk protein functions.