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Related Concept Videos

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals01:17

Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR) Spectroscopy: Organic Radicals

Ideally, an unpaired electron shows a single peak in the EPR spectrum due to the transition between the two spin energy states. However, coupling interactions can occur between the spins of the unpaired electron and any neighboring spin-active nuclei. This hyperfine coupling results in hyperfine splitting, where the EPR signal is split into multiplets. The signals split into 2nI + 1 peaks, where n is the number of equivalent nuclei and I is the nuclear spin. These splitting patterns provide...
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions
10:02

Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy as a Unique Probe for Lipid Membrane Dynamics and Membrane-Protein Interactions

Published on: May 27, 2021

Determining radical penetration into membranes using ESR splitting constants.

Efrat Bodner1, Michal Afri, Aryeh A Frimer

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan 52900, Israel.

Free Radical Biology & Medicine
|May 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Researchers determined how deep radicals penetrate erythrocyte ghost membranes. Lipophilicity and membrane rigidity, influenced by cholesterol, control radical intercalation depth, impacting understanding of membrane damage.

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Exploring the Radical Nature of a Carbon Surface by Electron Paramagnetic Resonance and a Calibrated Gas Flow

Published on: April 24, 2014

Area of Science:

  • Biochemistry
  • Membrane Biophysics
  • Free Radical Chemistry

Background:

  • Understanding radical penetration into lipid membranes is crucial for elucidating their role in radical-induced damage.
  • Previous studies utilized lipophilic spin traps with NMR and ESR to investigate radical penetration in lipid bilayers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the depth of radical penetration into erythrocyte ghost (EG) membranes.
  • To correlate radical location with membrane properties, particularly the influence of cholesterol.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized novel lipophilic spin traps and Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) spectroscopy.
  • Correlated ESR beta-H splitting constants (a(beta-H)) with solvent polarity to locate radicals.
  • Investigated intercalation into both liposomal bilayers and EG membranes.

Main Results:

  • Stable radicals and spin adducts were successfully localized within liposomal bilayers and EG membranes.
  • Radical depth correlated with lipophilicity; more lipophilic adducts penetrated deeper.
  • EG membranes, due to cholesterol, exhibit a more rigid and lipophilic head group region, filtering less lipophilic intercalants.

Conclusions:

  • Cholesterol in erythrocyte ghost membranes increases rigidity and lipophilicity, influencing radical penetration.
  • Lipophilicity is a primary factor determining radical intercalation depth, with EG membranes acting as a filter.
  • Steric bulk's role is diminished in EG membranes, possibly due to cholesterol-induced disorder.