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Related Concept Videos

Bone Remodeling01:40

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.
Fractures: Bone Repair01:27

Fractures: Bone Repair

Treatment for a fracture is based on the type of break, the bone affected, and the patient's age.
Minor fractures with no bone displacement are treated by immobilizing the fractured bone using a cast or splint. However, in the case of fractures with displaced bones, the broken bones are repositioned before immobilization to ensure successful healing without deformation and loss of function. The realignment of fractured bone ends is performed through a process called reduction. If the procedure...
Essential Minerals for Bone Health01:31

Essential Minerals for Bone Health

The minerals contained in all of the food we consume are essential for our organ systems. However, certain essential minerals, such as calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, manganese, and fluoride, largely affect bone health.
Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium is a critical component of bones, especially in the form of calcium phosphate and calcium carbonate. Since the body cannot make calcium, it must be obtained from the diet. However, calcium cannot be absorbed from the small intestine without...
Bone Disorders01:29

Bone Disorders

Aging and its effect on bone remodeling is the most common cause of bone disorders. In young and healthy people, bone deposition and resorption happen at an equal rate to maintain optimal bone health.
Bone deposition is also affected by the levels of sex hormones like estrogen and testosterone that promote osteoblast activity and bone matrix synthesis. When the level of these hormones decreases due to aging, it causes a reduction in bone deposition. As a result, bone resorption by osteoclasts...
Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health01:25

Role of Vitamins in Maintaining Bone Health

The growth and maintenance of bone are regulated by a combination of nutritional factors, including vitamins, such as vitamin A, B12, C, D, and K.
Vitamin A
Vitamin A is involved in the process of bone remodeling. Retinoic acid, the active metabolite of Vitamin A, has nuclear receptors in osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which are involved in bone remodeling.
Vitamin B12
Vitamin B12 acts as a cofactor during the formation of osteoblast-related proteins, such as osteocalcin. Vitamin B12 plays a role...
Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling01:31

Osteoclasts in Bone Remodeling

Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography
12:04

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography

Published on: December 9, 2022

The complex relation between bisphosphonate adherence and fracture reduction.

Amanda R Patrick1, M Alan Brookhart, Elena Losina

  • 1Divisions of Pharmacoepidemiology and Pharmacoeconomics Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, 1620 Tremont Street, Suite 3030, Boston, MA 02120, USA. arpatrick@partners.org

The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism
|May 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Poor adherence to bisphosphonate therapy is common. However, higher adherence, regardless of measurement method, significantly reduces the risk of hip and vertebral fractures in osteoporosis patients.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography
12:04

Assessment of Bone Fracture Healing Using Micro-Computed Tomography

Published on: December 9, 2022

Area of Science:

  • Osteoporosis Management
  • Pharmacovigilance
  • Real-World Evidence

Background:

  • Real-world adherence to bisphosphonate therapy for osteoporosis is suboptimal.
  • Existing data link medication adherence to fracture reduction, but the impact of adherence measurement methods requires further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the association between bisphosphonate adherence and the risk of hip, vertebral, distal forearm, and any osteoporotic fractures.
  • To compare fracture risk across different adherence measurement methods, specifically using the proportion of days covered (PDC).

Main Methods:

  • A cohort study utilizing administrative claims data from elderly patients initiating oral bisphosphonate therapy.
  • Adherence was assessed over sequential 60-day periods using various PDC calculation methods.
  • Time-varying adherence measures were incorporated into adjusted models to assess fracture risk.

Main Results:

  • A total of 19,987 patients were included, with fractures occurring at a rate of 43 per 1000 person-years.
  • An inverse relationship was observed between bisphosphonate adherence and fracture rates for all measures and fracture types, except distal forearm fractures.
  • High cumulative PDC (80-100%) was associated with significant reductions in overall (22%), hip (23%), and vertebral (26%) fracture rates.

Conclusions:

  • A consistent association exists between adherence to osteoporosis treatment and reduced fracture risk, irrespective of the PDC measurement method used.
  • The high correlation among different adherence measures likely explains the consistent findings across methods.