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Related Concept Videos

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...
Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)01:15

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT)

Insensitive Nuclei Enhanced by Polarization Transfer (INEPT) is an advanced Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) technique specifically designed to detect and enhance the signals of low-abundance nuclei, such as carbon-13 and nitrogen-15, in small molecules. The fundamental principle behind INEPT is the transfer of polarization from a more abundant and highly polarizable nucleus, typically hydrogen-1, to the low-abundance nucleus of interest. This process effectively boosts the NMR signal of the...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)01:20

¹³C NMR: Distortionless Enhancement by Polarization Transfer (DEPT)

When proton-coupled carbon-13 spectra are simplified by a broadband proton decoupling technique, structural information about the coupled protons is lost. Distortionless enhancement by polarization transfer (DEPT) is a technique that provides information on the number of hydrogens attached to each carbon in a molecule. While the DEPT experiment utilizes complex pulse sequences, the pulse delay and flip angle are specifically manipulated. The resulting signals have different phases depending on...
Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule01:10

Interpreting ¹H NMR Signal Splitting: The (n + 1) Rule

In the AX proton spin system, proton A can sense the two spin states of a coupled proton X, resulting in a doublet NMR signal with two peaks of equal (1:1) intensity. When proton A is coupled to two equivalent protons (AX2 spin system), the spin states of each X can be aligned with or against the external field, creating three possible scenarios. This results in a 1:2:1  triplet signal, where the central peak corresponds to the chemical shift of A and is twice as large or intense as the others.
¹H NMR: Complex Splitting01:13

¹H NMR: Complex Splitting

A proton M that is coupled to a proton X results in doublet signals for M. However, NMR-active nuclei can be simultaneously coupled to more than one nonequivalent nucleus. When M is coupled to a second proton A, such as in styrene oxide, each peak in the doublet is split into another doublet.
Splitting diagrams or splitting tree diagrams are routinely used to depict such complex couplings. While drawing splitting diagrams, the splitting with the larger coupling constant is usually applied first.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Study of Protein Dynamics via Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy
08:03

Study of Protein Dynamics via Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy

Published on: April 13, 2022

Slice-selective single scan proton COSY with dynamic nuclear polarisation.

Rafal Panek1, Josef Granwehr, James Leggett

  • 1Sir Peter Mansfield Magnetic Resonance Centre, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Nottingham, UK. ppxrp@nottingham.ac.uk

Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics : PCCP
|May 7, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Gradient-assisted ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy enables rapid 2D spectra acquisition from hyperpolarized samples. This method maximizes information from single-scan experiments, ideal for proton NMR spectroscopy.

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Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR
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Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR

Published on: February 23, 2016

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Study of Protein Dynamics via Neutron Spin Echo Spectroscopy
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Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
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Atomic Scale Structural Studies of Macromolecular Assemblies by Solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy

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Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR
10:54

Dissolution Dynamic Nuclear Polarization Instrumentation for Real-time Enzymatic Reaction Rate Measurements by NMR

Published on: February 23, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
  • Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP)

Background:

  • Dynamic Nuclear Polarization (DNP) enhances NMR signal sensitivity.
  • Fast dissolution techniques enable DNP-polarized samples for liquid-state NMR.
  • Ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy offers short acquisition times.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To present a slice-selective experiment for rapid acquisition of two independent 2D NMR experiments from distinct sample volumes.
  • To maximize information from non-repeatable DNP polarization techniques, especially for samples with short relaxation times.
  • To demonstrate the technique using DNP-polarized amino acids.

Main Methods:

  • Gradient-assisted ultrafast multidimensional spectroscopy with single-scan capability.
  • Slice-selective experiments for back-to-back acquisition of 2D spectra.
  • Application of filtered 2D COSY experiments on DNP-polarized glutamine and glutamate mixtures.

Main Results:

  • Successful acquisition of two independent 2D NMR experiments from different sample volumes.
  • Selective amplification of specific proton correlation patterns in amino acids.
  • Demonstration of reproducibility and polarization enhancement in liquid-state NMR.

Conclusions:

  • The presented technique is highly suitable for proton NMR spectroscopy with short longitudinal relaxation times.
  • A map of liquid-state proton enhancement was created for predicting signal levels in dissolution DNP-NMR experiments.
  • This method significantly enhances information obtainable from DNP-polarized samples.