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Related Concept Videos

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene01:20

Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution: Nitration of Benzene

The nitration of benzene is an example of an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction. It involves the formation of a very powerful electrophile, the nitronium ion, which is linear in shape. The reaction occurs through the interaction of two strong acids, sulfuric and nitric acid.
Structural Isomerism02:34

Structural Isomerism

Isomerism in Complexes
Isomers are different chemical species that have the same chemical formula. Structural isomerism of coordination compounds can be divided into two subcategories, the linkage isomers and coordination-sphere isomers.
Linkage isomers occur when the coordination compound contains a ligand that can bind to the transition metal center through two different atoms. For example, the CN− ligand can bind through the carbon atom or through the nitrogen atom. Similarly, SCN− can be...
Resonance02:52

Resonance

The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N-O and N=O bonds.
Exceptions to the Octet Rule02:55

Exceptions to the Octet Rule

Many covalent molecules have central atoms that do not have eight electrons in their Lewis structures. These molecules fall into three categories:
meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H01:13

meta-Directing Deactivators: –NO2, –CN, –CHO, –⁠CO2R, –COR, –CO2H

All meta-directing substituents are deactivating groups. These substituents withdraw electrons from the aromatic ring, making the ring less reactive toward electrophilic substitution. For example, the nitration of nitrobenzene is 100,000 times slower than that of benzene because of the deactivating effect of the nitro group. The first step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution is the addition of an electrophile to form a resonance-stabilized carbocation. The energy diagrams for the...
Resonance and Hybrid Structures02:16

Resonance and Hybrid Structures

According to the theory of resonance, if two or more Lewis structures with the same arrangement of atoms can be written for a molecule, ion, or radical, the actual distribution of electrons is an average of that shown by the various Lewis structures.
Resonance Structures and Resonance Hybrids
The Lewis structure of a nitrite anion (NO2−) may actually be drawn in two different ways, distinguished by the locations of the N–O and N=O bonds.

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes
10:51

The Synthesis, Characterization and Reactivity of a Series of Ruthenium N-triphosPh Complexes

Published on: April 10, 2015

Electronic structure alternatives in nitrosylruthenium complexes.

Goutam Kumar Lahiri1, Wolfgang Kaim

  • 1Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai-400076, India. lahiri@chem.iitb.ac.in

Dalton Transactions (Cambridge, England : 2003)
|May 8, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Ruthenium-nitrosyl complexes exhibit diverse electronic structures based on metal and ligand interactions. Co-ligands significantly influence these structures, offering tunable properties for coordination compounds.

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A Direct, Regioselective and Atom-Economical Synthesis of 3-Aroyl-N-hydroxy-5-nitroindoles by Cycloaddition of 4-Nitronitrosobenzene with Alkynones

Published on: January 21, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Inorganic Chemistry
  • Coordination Chemistry
  • Electrochemistry

Background:

  • Coordination compounds featuring ruthenium and nitrosyl ligands ([Ru(NO)L(n)]) are known for their electro-active properties.
  • The electronic structure of these complexes can be described by various formal oxidation states, including {RuNO}(5), {RuNO}(6), {RuNO}(7), and {RuNO}(8).
  • Non-innocent ligands, such as nitrosyl (NO) and co-ligands (L), play a crucial role in determining the electronic configurations.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the ground state electronic structures of ruthenium-nitrosyl coordination compounds.
  • To investigate the influence of co-ligands (L) on the electronic properties of these complexes.
  • To understand the accessibility of neighboring electronic states, particularly for {RuNO}(6) systems.

Main Methods:

  • Spectroelectrochemical methods were employed to probe the electronic states.
  • Chemical reactions were utilized to access neighboring electronic configurations.
  • Analysis of the electronic structures of {RuNO}(6) and {RuNO}(7) species in the presence of varying co-ligands.

Main Results:

  • The electronic structures of ruthenium-nitrosyl complexes can be formulated as Ru(III)(NO(+)) = {RuNO}(5), Ru(II)(NO(+)) = {RuNO}(6), Ru(II)(NO ) = {RuNO}(7), or Ru(II)(NO(-)) = {RuNO}(8).
  • Neighboring electronic states, especially for {RuNO}(6) systems, are accessible via spectroelectrochemical and chemical routes.
  • Co-ligands (L) significantly impact the electronic structures of {RuNO}(6) complexes, leading to variability, whereas {RuNO}(7) species remain relatively invariant.

Conclusions:

  • The electronic structure of [Ru(NO)L(n)] complexes is highly dependent on the interplay between the ruthenium center and the nitrosyl ligand, as well as the nature of the co-ligands.
  • Electro-active co-ligands, such as porphyrins and quinones, offer further avenues for tuning the electronic properties of these coordination compounds.
  • Understanding these electronic variations is key to designing functional ruthenium-nitrosyl complexes.