Related Experiment Video
Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Acetylcholine Re-Challenge After Intracoronary Nitroglycerine Administration
Published on: April 4, 2022
Therapeutic goals in patients with refractory chronic angina
Mauricio G Cohen1, Mario Pascual, Benjamin M Scirica
1Universidad de Miami, Florida, USA. mgcohen@med.miami.edu
Insights
Refractory angina management focuses on improving quality of life and survival. Treatment involves aggressive risk factor modification, revascularization, and complementary therapies to increase the angina threshold.
Area of Science:
- Cardiology
- Internal Medicine
Background:
- Refractory angina remains a significant clinical challenge despite advances in statin therapy and revascularization.
- A considerable number of patients experience debilitating symptoms even with preserved left ventricular function and no arrhythmias.
Purpose of the Study:
- To provide an update on therapeutic techniques and goals for managing refractory angina.
- To emphasize the importance of a multidisciplinary approach for improving patient quality of life and survival.
Main Methods:
- Review of current evidence-based treatments for refractory angina.
- Discussion of risk factor modification, revascularization strategies, and complementary therapies.
Main Results:
- Aggressive risk factor modification is crucial for disease stabilization and survival.
- Therapies aimed at increasing the angina threshold by managing oxygen demand and supply are essential.
- Revascularization opportunities should be fully explored.
Conclusions:
- The primary goal in refractory angina is to enhance quality of life alongside prolonging survival.
- A comprehensive, multidisciplinary strategy is necessary for optimal patient outcomes.
Abstract:
Refractory angina presents a major clinical challenge for everyday medical practice. Despite the widespread use of statins and improvements in revascularization techniques, a substantial proportion of patients with preserved left ventricular function and no life-threatening arrhythmias remain symptomatic, with severe debilitating angina. Because the rate of major cardiac events in this population is relatively low, the major aim of therapy should be not only to prolong survival but also to improve quality of life. The cornerstone of therapy for all these patients should be the aggressive modification of risk factors using evidence-based treatment, with the aim of stabilizing the disease process and improving overall survival. No opportunity for revascularization should be overlooked. Complementary approaches should be implemented to raise the angina threshold by either reducing oxygen demand or improving hemodynamics to increase myocardial oxygen supply. This review provides an update on therapeutic techniques and goals, and reinforces the need for a multidisciplinary approach to the management of patients with refractory angina.
Related Concept Videos
Angina IV: Management
Angina V: Nursing Management
Angina II: Classification
Coronary Artery Disease V: Interprofessional Care
Acute Coronary Syndrome IV: Interprofessional Care
Angina III: Clinical Manifestations and Assessment

