Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Maintenance of the ES Cell State01:14

Maintenance of the ES Cell State

The cells of the blastocyst inner cell mass only remain pluripotent for a short time. This state of pluripotency and self-renewal can be maintained in embryonic stem (ES) cell culture by adding specific chemicals or growth factors to ensure the cells can continue dividing and later differentiate into different cell types. In some cases, the cells are grown on a feeder layer of differentiated cells, which provides the growth factors and extracellular matrix components necessary for stem cell...
In-vitro Mutagenesis01:16

In-vitro Mutagenesis

To learn more about the function of a gene, researchers can observe what happens when the gene is inactivated or “knocked out,” by creating genetically engineered knockout animals. Knockout mice have been particularly useful as models for human diseases such as cancer, Parkinson’s disease, and diabetes.
Epigenetic Regulation01:37

Epigenetic Regulation

Epigenetic changes alter the physical structure of the DNA without changing the genetic sequence and often regulate whether genes are turned on or off. This regulation ensures that each cell produces only proteins necessary for its function. For example, proteins that promote bone growth are not produced in muscle cells. Epigenetic mechanisms play an essential role in healthy development. Conversely, precisely regulated epigenetic mechanisms are disrupted in diseases like cancer.
X-chromosome...
Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming01:24

Methods of Nuclear Reprogramming

Nuclear reprogramming is a process of transforming one cell type into an unrelated cell type by epigenetic changes that alter the cell’s original gene expression pattern. Such epigenetic changes force cells to express a different set of genes, which play a significant role in inducing transformation into other cell types. Nuclear reprogramming offers applications in reproductive cloning for livestock propagation and regenerative medicine — developing patient-specific cells for injury repair.
Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells01:32

Chromatin Modification in iPS Cells

Chromatin modification alters gene expression; therefore, scientists can add histone-modifying enzymes, histone variants, and chromatin remodeling complexes to somatic cells to aid reprogramming into pluripotent stem (iPS) cells.
Compact chromatin makes reprogramming difficult. Enzymes, such as histone demethylases and acetyltransferases, are often added during reprogramming to loosen the chromatin, making the DNA more accessible to transcription factors. Molecules that inhibit histone...
Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming01:29

Somatic to iPS Cell Reprogramming

Reprogramming alters the gene expression in somatic cells, transforming them into induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells over several generations. Scientists can reprogram cells by introducing genes for four transcription factors—Oct4, Sox2, Klf4, and c-Myc (OSKM) by viral or non-viral methods. These factors are also known as Yamanaka factors after Shinya Yamanaka, who first generated iPS cells using mouse skin cells. Yamanaka was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2012 for this...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

SGLT2 inhibition with empagliflozin attenuates retinal oxidative stress and damage in diabetic mice.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Contrasting epigenetics of Ixodes scapularis populations.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Deep optoelectronic reservoir computing using electrically cascaded semiconductor lasers.

Optics express·2026
Same author

Toward Flexible Printed Electronics: A Spider-Silk-Inspired, Strong and Tough Thermoplastic Polyamide Elastomer.

Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany)·2026
Same author

Physiologic variation in sperm miRNAs tune embryonic gene regulatory programs and developmental outcomes.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2026
Same author

Recent Progress in Selenium Nanomedicines for Ocular Diseases.

International journal of nanomedicine·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors
08:14

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Published on: October 28, 2014

Multiple epigenetic modifiers induce aggressive viral extinction in extraembryonic endoderm stem cells.

Michael C Golding1, Liyue Zhang, Mellissa R W Mann

  • 1Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Western Ontario, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, Ontario N6A 4V2, Canada.

Cell Stem Cell
|May 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Embryonic stem cells silence retroviruses, but trophectoderm stem cells do not. Extraembryonic endoderm stem cells rapidly extinguish viral transcription, involving epigenetic modifiers and small RNAs.

More Related Videos

An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C
11:53

An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C

Published on: June 1, 2018

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models
13:47

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models

Published on: March 29, 2019

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors
08:14

Efficient iPS Cell Generation from Blood Using Episomes and HDAC Inhibitors

Published on: October 28, 2014

An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C
11:53

An Alternative Culture Method to Maintain Genomic Hypomethylation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Using MEK Inhibitor PD0325901 and Vitamin C

Published on: June 1, 2018

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models
13:47

Lentiviral Vector Platform for the Efficient Delivery of Epigenome-editing Tools into Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Disease Models

Published on: March 29, 2019

Area of Science:

  • Developmental Biology
  • Epigenetics
  • Virology

Background:

  • Embryonic cells possess mechanisms to silence retroviruses, preventing insertional mutagenesis.
  • Distinct X chromosome inactivation modes exist between embryonic and extraembryonic lineages.
  • Understanding viral extinction in different stem cell types is crucial.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate retroviral silencing in embryonic versus extraembryonic stem cell lineages.
  • To identify epigenetic factors regulating retroviral extinction in extraembryonic endoderm stem cells.
  • To explore the role of small RNAs in retroviral transcriptional silencing.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative analysis of retroviral transcription in trophectoderm stem cells, extraembryonic endoderm stem cells, and embryonic stem cells.
  • Utilized a short hairpin RNA library to screen for epigenetic modifiers.
  • Investigated the involvement of chromatin remodeling proteins, polycomb repressor complex proteins, and Argonaute family proteins.

Main Results:

  • Trophectoderm stem cells fail to silence retroviral transcription.
  • Extraembryonic endoderm stem cells exhibit rapid and aggressive proviral transcription extinction, surpassing embryonic stem cells.
  • Identified specific epigenetic modifiers, including chromatin remodelers and polycomb proteins, that regulate retroviral silencing.
  • Demonstrated differential effects of these factors between stem cell types.
  • Provided evidence for the involvement of small RNAs and the Argonaute family in the process.

Conclusions:

  • Stem cell lineage dictates the capacity for retroviral transcriptional silencing.
  • Epigenetic modifiers and small RNA pathways are key regulators of retroviral extinction.
  • Findings advance the understanding of host-pathogen interactions and epigenetic regulation in early development.