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Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin01:08

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin

All atomic particles possess an intrinsic angular momentum, or 'spin'. Electrons, protons, and neutrons each have a spin value of ½, although protons and neutrons in nuclei may have higher half-integer spins owing to energetic factors.
Atomic nuclei have a net nuclear spin, , which can have an integer or half-integer value. In atomic nuclei, the spins of protons are paired against each other but not with neutrons, and vice versa. Consequently, an even number of protons does not contribute to...
Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation01:28

Atomic Nuclei: Types of Nuclear Relaxation

Nuclear relaxation restores the equilibrium population imbalance and can occur via spin–lattice or spin–spin mechanisms, which are first-order exponential decay processes.
In spin–lattice or longitudinal relaxation, the excited spins exchange energy with the surrounding lattice as they return to the lower energy level. Among several mechanisms that contribute to spin–lattice relaxation, magnetic dipolar interactions are significant. Here, the excited nucleus transfers energy to a nearby...
ATP Synthase: Mechanism01:48

ATP Synthase: Mechanism

In animals, the mitochondrial F1F0 ATP synthase is the key protein that synthesizes ATP molecules through a complex catalytic mechanism. While the nuclear genome encodes the majority of ATP synthase subunits, the mitochondrial genome encodes some of the enzyme's most critical components. The formation of this multi-subunit enzyme is a complex multi-step process regulated at the level of transcription, translation, and assembly. Defects in one or more of these steps can result in decreased ATP...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview01:03

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Overview

NMR-active nuclei have energy levels called 'spin states' that are associated with the orientations of their nuclear magnetic moments. In the absence of a magnetic field, the nuclear magnetic moments are randomly oriented, and the spin states are degenerate. When an external magnetic field is applied, the spin states have only 2 + 1 orientations available to them. A proton with = ½ has two available orientations. Similarly, for a quadrupolar nucleus with a nuclear spin value of one, the...
Nuclear Transmutation03:20

Nuclear Transmutation

Nuclear transmutation is the conversion of one nuclide into another. It can occur by the radioactive decay of a nucleus, or the reaction of a nucleus with another particle. The first manmade nucleus was produced in Ernest Rutherford’s laboratory in 1919 by a transmutation reaction, the bombardment of one type of nuclei with other nuclei or with neutrons. Rutherford bombarded nitrogen-14 atoms with high-speed α particles from a natural radioactive isotope of radium and observed protons being...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...

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Related Experiment Video

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Visualizing the DNA Damage Response in Purkinje Cells Using Cerebellar Organotypic Cultures
08:41

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Published on: December 27, 2024

Nuclear ataxias.

Harry T Orr1

  • 1Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA. orrxx002@umn.edu

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology
|May 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Basic neuroscience research reveals that nuclear function is crucial for preventing ataxias, a group of lethal neurodegenerative diseases. Disruptions in nuclear pathways within the cell lead to motor coordination loss.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cell Biology
  • Molecular Biology

Background:

  • Basic neuroscience research has historically illuminated nuclear structures and compartments.
  • Current research links cellular and molecular mechanisms of neurological disease to nuclear pathway coordination.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the role of nuclear function in the pathogenesis of ataxias.
  • To understand how disruptions in nuclear pathways contribute to neurodegeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Elucidation of nuclear structures and compartments.
  • Investigation of cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying neurological diseases.
  • Analysis of nuclear pathway coordination within the nucleus and with other cellular compartments.

Main Results:

  • Nuclear function is fundamentally important in preventing neurological disorders.
  • Disruptions in nuclear pathways are identified as a basis for ataxias.
  • Progressive loss of motor coordination in ataxias stems from impaired nuclear function.

Conclusions:

  • Neuroscience research provides critical insights into the nuclear basis of ataxias.
  • Understanding nuclear pathway coordination is key to addressing these neurodegenerative diseases.