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Related Concept Videos

IR Spectrometers01:25

IR Spectrometers

There are two main infrared (IR) spectrophotometers: dispersive IR spectrometers and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometers. In a dispersive IR spectrometer, a beam of infrared radiation produced by a hot wire is divided into two parallel equal-intensity beams using mirrors. One beam passes through the sample, while another is a reference beam. The beams then move through the monochromator, which separates the radiations into a continuous spectrum of different frequencies. The...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation01:22

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Instrumentation

An atomic absorption spectrophotometer (AAS) comprises several components: a radiation source, an atomizer, a monochromator, and a detector. The radiation source can be a hollow-cathode lamp (HCL) or an electrodeless-discharge lamp (EDL), both of which provide a narrow emission line of the required wavelength. However, some instruments use continuum sources and high-resolution monochromators to achieve a narrow range of radiation.
The atomizer used in AAS can be either a flame atomizer or an...
Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview01:13

Attenuated Total Reflectance (ATR) Infrared Spectroscopy: Overview

Attenuated total reflectance (ATR) infrared spectroscopy is a powerful analytical technique used to study the composition of materials. It is widely employed in chemistry, materials science, forensic science, and other fields where sample characterization is required. ATR has several advantages over traditional transmission IR spectroscopy, including the requirement of little to no sample preparation and the ability to analyze a wide range of samples.
The ATR process begins by directing a beam...
UV–Vis Spectrometers01:14

UV–Vis Spectrometers

The absorbance of UV and visible (UV–visible) radiations is measured using a UV–visible spectrophotometer. Deuterium lamps, which emit UV radiation, and tungsten lamps, which produce radiation in the visible region, are used as light sources in UV–visible spectrophotometers. A monochromator or prism is used for diffraction grating, i.e., to split the incoming radiation into different wavelengths. A system of slits is used to focus the desired wavelength on the sample cell. Samples for...
Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference01:25

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Interference

Interference leads to systematic error in atomic absorption (AA) measurements by enhancing or diminishing the analytical signal or the background. These interferences can be grouped into three main categories: spectral interference, chemical interference, and physical interference.
Spectral interference occurs when signals from other elements or molecules overlap with the analyte signal, falsely elevating or masking the analyte's absorbance. This interference can be corrected using Zeeman,...
Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview01:26

Raman Spectroscopy Instrumentation: Overview

A conventional Raman spectrophotometer includes a laser source, a sample holding system, a wavelength selector, and a detector.
The monochromatic laser source, typically using visible or near-infrared radiation, generates a highly focused beam of light. This light interacts with the molecules of the sample, scattering some of the light. Liquid and gaseous samples are usually tested in ordinary glass capillaries, while solids can be analyzed as powders packed in capillaries or as potassium...

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Assembly, Tuning and Use of an Apertureless Near Field Infrared Microscope for Protein Imaging
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Considerations in building a low-noise reflection absorption infrared spectrometer.

J B Benziger, R E Preston, G R Schoofs

    Applied Optics
    |May 11, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers designed advanced dispersive spectrometers for reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy. These instruments achieve high sensitivity (<0.01% absorption) and rapid measurements (10 ms), enabling detailed surface analysis.

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    Area of Science:

    • Spectroscopy
    • Surface Science
    • Analytical Chemistry

    Background:

    • Reflection absorption infrared spectroscopy (RAIRS) is crucial for surface analysis.
    • Existing spectrometers face limitations in sensitivity and temporal resolution.
    • Optimizing component selection is key to enhancing performance.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To present the design and performance of novel dispersive spectrometers for RAIRS.
    • To detail noise reduction strategies for improved signal-to-noise ratio.
    • To develop a highly sensitive and time-resolved ellipsometric spectrometer.

    Main Methods:

    • Design and construction of dispersive spectrometers.
    • Analysis of noise sources and implementation of control measures.
    • Component selection focused on maximizing sensitivity for surface measurements.
    • Development of an ellipsometric spectrometer configuration.

    Main Results:

    • Demonstrated successful design and performance of multiple spectrometers.
    • Identified and mitigated key noise sources.
    • Achieved a sensitivity of less than 0.01% absorption.
    • Attained a temporal resolution of 10 milliseconds for transient measurements.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed spectrometers significantly advance RAIRS capabilities.
    • Optimized design and component selection lead to superior sensitivity.
    • The ellipsometric spectrometer is a powerful tool for dynamic surface studies.