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Related Concept Videos

Clearance Models: Compartment Models01:25

Clearance Models: Compartment Models

Clearance measures drug elimination from the central compartment, including plasma and highly perfused organs like kidneys and liver. Its calculation varies depending on pharmacokinetic models and administration routes. The one-compartment model, for instance, portrays the pharmacokinetics of polar drugs such as aminoglycoside antibiotics administered intravenously and readily excreted in urine. In this case, clearance is influenced by the terminal rate constant (λz) and the total volume of...
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Scaled modeling is a fundamental technique in engineering, enabling the study of large and complex systems by creating smaller, manageable replicas that recreate critical characteristics of the original. In hydrology and civil infrastructure, for example, scaled models of dams help analyze water flow, turbulence, and pressure. This method allows for accurate predictions of real-world behavior within a controlled environment, significantly reducing the cost and time involved in full-scale...
Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles01:25

Fascicle Arrangement in Skeletal Muscles

Fascicles are bundles of muscle fibers in a skeletal muscle. Muscle fascicle arrangement is directly associated with the power and range of motion of various muscles. The configuration of these fascicles can vary, leading to different functional outcomes.
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Clearance Models: Physiological Models01:09

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Drug clearance is a critical pharmacokinetic process involving the irreversible removal of drugs from the body through various organs over a specified time period. Physiological models are indispensable in determining organ-specific clearance, defined by the proportion of the drug eliminated per unit of time from the organ's blood volume.
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Multicompartment models are mathematical constructs that depict how drugs are distributed and eliminated within the body. They segment the body into several compartments, symbolizing various physiological or anatomical areas connected through drug transfer processes such as absorption, metabolism, distribution, and elimination.
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Multiple scattering LOWTRAN and FASCODE models.

R G Isaacs, W C Wang, R D Worsham

    Applied Optics
    |May 11, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    This study introduces an efficient multiple scattering parameterization for atmospheric models LOWTRAN and FASCODE. This new method improves accuracy, particularly for long horizon paths, by correcting underestimations in atmospheric radiance calculations.

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    Area of Science:

    • Atmospheric Optics and Radiative Transfer
    • Computational Atmospheric Science

    Background:

    • Accurate modeling of atmospheric radiative transfer is crucial for understanding climate and remote sensing applications.
    • Previous models like LOWTRAN and FASCODE had limitations in accurately accounting for multiple scattering effects, especially under specific atmospheric conditions.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To implement an efficient and accurate multiple scattering parameterization within the LOWTRAN and FASCODE atmospheric models.
    • To enhance the capability of these models to simulate atmospheric radiance and transmittance more precisely.

    Main Methods:

    • Developed a stream approximation method estimating local radiance from local radiation fluxes.
    • Utilized a parameterized two-flux approach for individual layers and an adding method for layer combination.
    • Implemented an interface scheme using the k-distribution method for LOWTRAN to integrate multiple scattering with band model gas absorption calculations.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved root-mean-square (RMS) errors in radiance of less than 20% across various atmospheric conditions and viewing angles.
    • Demonstrated consistency between LOWTRAN and FASCODE in overlapping spectral regions.
    • Successfully corrected LOWTRAN's underestimation of path radiance for long horizon paths where multiple scattering is significant.

    Conclusions:

    • The implemented multiple scattering parameterization significantly enhances the accuracy of LOWTRAN and FASCODE for atmospheric radiance calculations.
    • The k-distribution method provides a valid approach for integrating complex scattering phenomena into band model calculations.
    • This advancement improves the reliability of atmospheric models for applications requiring precise radiative transfer simulations.