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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation
06:53

Creating Virtual-hand and Virtual-face Illusions to Investigate Self-representation

Published on: March 1, 2017

Virtual hand illusion induced by visuomotor correlations.

Maria V Sanchez-Vives1, Bernhard Spanlang, Antonio Frisoli

  • 1Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats, Barcelona, Spain. msanche3@clinic.ub.es

Plos One
|May 11, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Synchronous visual and motor input can create a sense of virtual arm ownership, even without touch. This finding impacts our understanding of body ownership and virtual reality applications in therapy.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

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Virtual Hand with Ambiguous Movement between the Self and Other Origin: Sense of Ownership and 'Other-Produced' Agency

Published on: October 28, 2020

Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Human-Computer Interaction
  • Perception

Background:

  • The body schema, or sense of self-body, is perceived as stable but is highly malleable.
  • Illusions like the rubber-hand illusion demonstrate this malleability through synchronous visual and tactile input.
  • Previous research showed virtual arms could evoke ownership and displacement illusions with visuotactile stimulation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if illusions of ownership and proprioceptive displacement can be induced by visuomotor stimulation alone, without tactile input.
  • To explore the role of synchrony between visual, proprioceptive, and motor information in body ownership.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized a data-glove to track finger positions and project a virtual arm.
  • Synchronous and asynchronous visuomotor stimulation conditions were employed.
  • Ownership illusion measured via questionnaires; proprioceptive displacement measured objectively.

Main Results:

  • Significantly higher ownership illusion scores in the synchronous condition compared to the asynchronous.
  • Objective measurement showed a median proprioceptive displacement of 3.5 cm in the synchronous condition.
  • A significant correlation was found between the degree of virtual arm ownership and the magnitude of proprioceptive drift.

Conclusions:

  • Synchronous visuomotor stimulation, without tactile input, can induce an illusion of ownership over a virtual arm.
  • Findings offer insights into the neural mechanisms of body ownership.
  • Highlights potential applications of virtual bodies in therapeutic and rehabilitative contexts.