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Related Concept Videos

Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs02:39

lncRNA - Long Non-coding RNAs

In humans, more than 80% of the genome gets transcribed. However, only around 2% of the genome codes for proteins. The remaining part produces non-coding RNAs which includes ribosomal RNAs, transfer RNAs, telomerase RNAs, and regulatory RNAs, among other types. A large number of regulatory non-coding RNAs have been classified into two groups depending upon their length – small non-coding RNAs, such as microRNA, which are less than 200 nucleotides in length, and long non-coding RNA (lncRNA)...
Exon Recombination02:32

Exon Recombination

The evolution of new genes is critical for speciation. Exon recombination, also known as exon shuffling or domain shuffling, is an important means of new gene formation. It is observed across vertebrates, invertebrates, and in some plants such as potatoes and sunflowers. During exon recombination, exons from the same or different genes recombine and produce new exon-intron combinations, which might evolve into new genes. 
Exon shuffling follows “splice frame rules.” Each exon has three reading...
RNA Splicing01:32

RNA Splicing

Splicing is the process by which eukaryotic RNA is edited before its translation into protein. The RNA strand transcribed from eukaryotic DNA is called the primary transcript. The primary transcripts that become mRNAs are called precursor messenger RNAs (pre-mRNAs). Eukaryotic pre-mRNA contains alternating sequences of exons and introns. Exons are nucleotide sequences that code for proteins, whereas introns are the non-coding regions. In RNA splicing, introns are removed and exons are bonded...
Alternative RNA Splicing02:18

Alternative RNA Splicing

Alternative RNA splicing is the regulated splicing of exons and introns to produce different mature mRNAs from a single pre-mRNA. Unlike in constitutive splicing where a single gene produces a single type of mRNA, alternative splicing allows an organism to produce multiple proteins from a single gene and plays an important role in protein diversity.
There are five types of alternative RNA splicing that vary in the ways the pre-mRNA segments are removed or retained in the mature mRNA. The first...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
13:04

Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR

Published on: March 1, 2019

Long noncoding RNAs: implications for antigen receptor diversification.

Grace Teng1, F Nina Papavasiliou

  • 1Department of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut, USA.

Advances in Immunology
|May 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) are key gene expression regulators, with many uncharacterized species holding vast regulatory potential. This review surveys long ncRNA functions, focusing on lymphocyte antigen receptor gene transcription.

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Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)
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Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR
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Overexpressing Long Noncoding RNAs Using Gene-activating CRISPR

Published on: March 1, 2019

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)
11:09

Chromatin Isolation by RNA Purification (ChIRP)

Published on: March 25, 2012

Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Genetics
  • Biochemistry

Background:

  • Eukaryotic transcriptomes contain numerous noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) that regulate gene expression.
  • The functions of the majority of these ncRNAs remain uncharacterized.
  • Validated ncRNAs demonstrate significant regulatory potential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To survey the literature on the diverse functions of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs).
  • To highlight a specific instance of noncoding transcription in lymphocyte antigen receptor loci.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review and synthesis of existing research on ncRNA functions.
  • Focus on studies investigating lncRNAs and their roles in gene regulation.
  • Analysis of noncoding transcription events in immune cells.

Main Results:

  • Noncoding RNAs, both small and large, are established regulators of gene expression.
  • A wide array of functions for validated ncRNAs suggests extensive regulatory capabilities.
  • Noncoding transcription is a significant mechanism for gene control.

Conclusions:

  • Long noncoding RNAs possess diverse and potent gene regulatory functions.
  • Noncoding transcription at antigen receptor loci in lymphocytes represents a notable example of ncRNA activity.
  • Further research into uncharacterized ncRNAs is crucial for understanding gene regulation.