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Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Plant Hormones

Plant Hormones

Plant hormones—or phytohormones—are chemical molecules that modulate one or more physiological processes of a plant. In animals, hormones are often produced in specific glands and circulated via the circulatory system. However, plants lack hormone-producing glands.

Morphogenesis

Morphogenesis

Plant morphogenesis—the development of a plant’s form and structure—involves several overlapping developmental processes, including growth and cell differentiation. Precursor cells differentiate into specific cell types, which are organized into the tissues and organ systems that make up the functional plant.

Cell Signaling in Plants

Cell Signaling in Plants

Plant cells communicate to coordinate their cycle of growth, flowering and fruiting, and activities in roots, shoots, and leaves in response to the changing environmental conditions. Plant signaling is distinct from animal signaling. Plants primarily utilize enzyme-linked receptors, whereas the largest class of cell-surface receptors in animals are G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs). Unlike animals, receptor tyrosine kinases are rare in plants. Instead, plants have a diverse class of...

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Primary and Secondary Growth in Roots and Shoots

Vascular plants, which account for over 90% of the Earth’s vegetation, all undergo primary growth—which lengthens roots and shoots. Many land plants, notably woody plants, also undergo secondary growth—which thickens roots and shoots.

Meristems and Plant Growth

Meristems and Plant Growth

Plants grow throughout their lives; this is called indeterminate growth, and it distinguishes plants from most animals. Although certain parts of plants stop growing (e.g., leaves and flowers), others grow continuously—like roots and stems.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response

A Strategy to Validate the Role of Callose-mediated Plasmodesmal Gating in the Tropic Response

Published on: April 17, 2016

Distinct and dynamic auxin activities during reproductive development.

Eva Sundberg¹, Lars Østergaard

¹Uppsala BioCenter, Department of Plant Biology and Forest Genetics, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, S-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.

Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Biology

|May 12, 2010

Summary

The plant hormone auxin is crucial for flower and fruit development, controlling tissue patterns and specification. Understanding auxin

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Lateral Root Inducible System in Arabidopsis and Maize

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Published on: January 14, 2016

Area of Science:

Plant reproductive biology
Plant hormone signaling

Background:

Flowering plants possess complex reproductive structures essential for generating the next generation.
Coordinated tissue development and inter-tissue communication are vital for successful plant reproduction.
The phytohormone auxin has emerged as a key regulator in flower and fruit development over the past decade.

Purpose of the Study:

To elucidate the role of the phytohormone auxin in patterning and tissue specification of reproductive organs.
To understand how auxin mediates its functions through biosynthesis, transport, signaling, and interactions with other hormones.

Main Methods:

Review of recent research on flower and fruit development.
Analysis of auxin's integrated processes (biosynthesis, transport, signaling).
Examination of auxin's interactions with other hormonal pathways.

Main Results:

Auxin acts as a master regulator in the patterning and specification of floral and fruit tissues.
Auxin's function is mediated by a complex interplay of its own production, movement, and signaling.
Auxin interacts with other plant hormone pathways to fine-tune reproductive development.

Conclusions:

Auxin plays a central, multifaceted role in the development of plant reproductive structures.
Knowledge of auxin's function provides a basis for developing tools for crop improvement.
Research on auxin offers potential for advancements in precision agriculture.