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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Assessment of Social Cognition in Non-human Primates Using a Network of Computerized Automated Learning Device (ALDM) Test Systems

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Published on: May 5, 2015

Contingent cooperation between wild female baboons.

Dorothy L Cheney¹, Liza R Moscovice, Marlies Heesen

¹Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA. cheney@sas.upenn.edu

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

|May 12, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Female baboons may remember recent cooperative interactions, even with unrelated individuals. Hearing a former grooming partner's call prompted approach, suggesting memory influences cooperation.

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Behavioral Assessment of Manual Dexterity in Non-Human Primates

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Published on: November 11, 2011

Area of Science:

Animal behavior
Primate social dynamics
Evolutionary biology

Background:

Contingent cooperation and reciprocity are debated in animal behavior.
Alternative explanations include by-product mutualism and immediate rewards.
Limited evidence suggests memory of recent interactions influences altruism.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if contingent cooperation occurs in wild baboons with a temporal delay.
To determine if memory of specific recent interactions influences cooperative behavior.

Main Methods:

Playback experiment using recorded recruitment calls on wild female baboons.
Assessed responses to calls from recent grooming partners, distinguishing between kin and unrelated individuals.
Controlled for other recent interactions (aggression) and general social motivation.

Main Results:

Subjects approached unrelated recent grooming partners after hearing their recruitment calls.
This effect was stronger when the partner had an infant.
No similar effect was observed between close kin.
Responses were specific to the recruitment call of a recent grooming partner, not general interactions or prior aggression.

Conclusions:

Wild baboons exhibit contingent cooperation with unrelated individuals, relying on memory of specific recent interactions.
This suggests that memory-based reciprocity plays a role in animal cooperation, even with temporal delays.