Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I01:26

Respiratory Volumes and Capacities I

Assessing the respiratory rate and rhythm for a complete minute is crucial for evaluating the breathing pattern. Even a minor increase in the patient's average respiratory rate, by as little as three to five breaths per minute, is an early and vital indicator of respiratory distress. Patients with a respiratory rate exceeding twenty-four breaths per minute require close monitoring to determine the physiological alterations. This careful observation is essential for prompt recognition and...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management01:22

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation II: ACLS Airway Management

Airway management is a key skill in emergency and critical care settings, as maintaining a clear airway is essential for adequate oxygenation and ventilation.Head Tilt-Chin Lift TechniqueThe head tilt-chin lift maneuver is an essential technique primarily used in patients without suspected cervical spine injuries. To perform this maneuver, one hand is placed on the patient’s forehead, and gentle pressure is applied backward to tilt the head. The fingertips of the other hand are positioned under...
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult01:21

Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation I: Adult

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a life-saving emergency procedure performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are no longer breathing. The foundation of CPR is Basic Life Support (BLS), which focuses on the early recognition of cardiac arrest, the immediate start of high-quality chest compressions, and the timely use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Assessing Responsiveness and Checking the Carotid PulseWhen approaching an unresponsive person, first ensure...
Sleep Apnea01:21

Sleep Apnea

Sleep apnea is a condition where breathing stops intermittently during sleep, often leading to significant health issues. Each episode can last from 10 to 20 seconds or more and is frequently accompanied by a brief arousal from sleep. This disturbance, largely unnoticed by the individual, can lead to severe daytime fatigue. Commonly, individuals seek help after being informed by their partners about loud snoring and noticeable breathing pauses during sleep.
The condition is more prevalent among...
Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation01:25

Hyperpnea and Hyperventilation

Hyperventilation refers to a higher-than-normal rate and depth of breathing, often associated with anxiety attacks. This excessive breathing surpasses the body's need to expel CO2, leading to a condition known as hypocapnia - an unusually low level of carbon dioxide in the blood. Hypocapnia can constrict cerebral blood vessels, reducing blood flow to the brain, which may result in dizziness or fainting. Early signs include tingling and muscle spasms in the hands and face, caused by falling...
Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection

Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
Chest Configuration
The chest configuration can...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

A reassessment of the energetic significance of blood lactate accumulation during exercise.

European journal of applied physiology·2026
Same author

Energetics of Underwater Swimming in Apnea - Corrigendum.

Medicine and science in sports and exercise·2026
Same author

Reply to the letter to the Editor on "Energy balance analysis suggests that lactate is not a direct cause of the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics".

European journal of applied physiology·2025
Same author

Quantifying metabolic energy contributions in sprint running.

European journal of applied physiology·2025
Same author

Energetics of Underwater Swimming in Apnea.

Medicine and science in sports and exercise·2025
Same author

Energy balance analysis suggests that lactate is not a direct cause of the slow component of oxygen uptake kinetics.

European journal of applied physiology·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Cardiovascular time courses during prolonged immersed static apnoea.

Renza Perini1, Alberto Gheza, Christian Moia

  • 1Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Biotecnologie, Sezione di Fisiologia Umana, Università di Brescia, Brescia, Italy. renza.perini@med.unibs.it

European Journal of Applied Physiology
|May 12, 2010
PubMed
Summary

During immersed breath-holding, heart rate (HR) initially drops, then stabilizes, while blood pressure (BP) rises significantly. Vascular adjustments show distinct phases, suggesting altered baroreflex control during apnoea.

More Related Videos

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
07:09

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Published on: February 20, 2017

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine
12:37

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Published on: February 9, 2016

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans
09:54

A Model to Simulate Clinically Relevant Hypoxia in Humans

Published on: December 22, 2016

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise
07:09

Assessment of Pulmonary Capillary Blood Volume, Membrane Diffusing Capacity, and Intrapulmonary Arteriovenous Anastomoses During Exercise

Published on: February 20, 2017

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine
12:37

Surgical Placement of Catheters for Long-term Cardiovascular Exercise Testing in Swine

Published on: February 9, 2016

Area of Science:

  • Physiology
  • Cardiovascular Research
  • Diving Medicine

Background:

  • Cardiovascular adjustments during breath-holding are crucial for divers.
  • Understanding these responses during water immersion is essential.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the dynamics of cardiovascular adjustments during prolonged immersed apnoea.
  • To differentiate cardiac and vascular responses during different phases of breath-holding.

Main Methods:

  • Beat-to-beat heart rate (HR), systolic (SBP), and diastolic (DBP) blood pressures were recorded in divers during immersed apnoea.
  • Measurements were taken during prolonged apnoeas (215 +/- 35 s) in 27 degrees C water.
  • Cardiac output (Q') and total peripheral resistance were calculated.

Main Results:

  • In phase I (20 s), HR decreased, SBP/DBP increased, and cardiac output dropped 35%.
  • Phase II (92 s) showed stable HR and BP.
  • Phase III (103 s) saw a linear increase in SBP/DBP to 60% above control, with unchanged HR. Total peripheral resistance doubled then tripled.
  • Post-apnoea, HR and BP returned to baseline within 5 and 30 s, respectively.

Conclusions:

  • Cardiovascular adjustments to immersed apnoea involve an initial cardiac response followed by distinct vascular adjustments.
  • The baroreflex control appears modified during apnoea.
  • Observed changes during immersed static apnoea align with findings from dry apnoea studies.