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Related Concept Videos

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences01:17

NMR Spectrometers: Radiofrequency Pulses and Pulse Sequences

A pulse is a short burst of radio waves distributed over a range of frequencies that simultaneously excites all the nuclei in the sample. Upon passing a radio frequency pulse along the x-axis, the nuclei absorb energy corresponding to their Larmor frequencies and achieve resonance. This shifts the net magnetization vector from the z-axis toward the transverse plane. This angle of rotation of the magnetization vector, or the flip angle, is proportional to the duration and intensity of the pulse.
IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations01:08

IR Spectrum Peak Splitting: Symmetric vs Asymmetric Vibrations

Identical bonds within a polyatomic group can stretch symmetrically (in-phase) or asymmetrically (out-of-phase). Similar to hydrogen bonding, these vibrations also influence the shape of the IR peak. Generally, asymmetric stretching frequencies are higher than symmetric stretching frequencies. For example, primary amines exhibit two distinct IR peaks between 3300–3500 cm−1 corresponding to the symmetric and asymmetric N-H stretching, while secondary amines exhibit a single stretching vibration...
IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview01:24

IR Spectroscopy: Molecular Vibration Overview

When Infrared (IR) radiation passes through a covalently bonded molecule, the bonds transition from lower to higher vibrational levels. The fundamental vibrational motions that result in infrared absorption can be classified as stretching or bending vibrations.
Stretching vibrations are vibrational motions that occur along the bond line, changing the bond length or distance between two bonded atoms. They are further distinguished as symmetric or asymmetric. In symmetric stretching, the...
¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals01:02

¹H NMR: Interpreting Distorted and Overlapping Signals

Spin systems where the difference in chemical shifts of the coupled nuclei is greater than ten times J are called first-order spin systems. These nuclei are weakly coupled, and their chemical shifts and coupling constant can generally be estimated from the well-separated signals in the spectrum.
As Δν decreases and the signals move closer, the doublets appear increasingly distorted. The intensities of the inner lines increase at the cost of those of the outer lines as the signals are slanted or...
¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling01:04

¹³C NMR: ¹H–¹³C Decoupling

The probability of having two carbon-13 atoms next to each other is negligible because of the low natural abundance of carbon-13. Consequently, peak splitting due to carbon-carbon spin-spin coupling is not observed in spectra. However, protons up to three sigma bonds away split the carbon signal according to the n+1 rule, resulting in complicated spectra.
A broadband decoupling technique is used to simplify these complex, sometimes overlapping, signals. Broadband decoupling relies on a...
Double Resonance Techniques: Overview01:12

Double Resonance Techniques: Overview

Double resonance techniques in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) spectroscopy involve the simultaneous application of two different frequencies or radiofrequency pulses to manipulate and observe two distinct nuclear spins. One important application of double resonance is spin decoupling, which selectively suppresses coupling with one type of nucleus while observing the NMR signal from another nucleus, simplifying the spectrum and enhancing resolution.
Spin decoupling is usually achieved by...

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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
09:38

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Published on: December 18, 2015

Weakly chirped pulses in frequency resolved coherent spectroscopy.

Niklas Christensson1, Yuri Avlasevich, Arkady Yartsev

  • 1Department of Chemical Physics, Lund University, Box 124, Lund SE-21000, Sweden. niklas.christensson@chemphys.lu.se

The Journal of Chemical Physics
|May 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Weakly chirped laser pulses significantly alter three-pulse photon echo signals, impacting excited-state absorption signatures and dephasing dynamics. These effects are crucial for accurate interpretation in spectroscopy.

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Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
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Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

Published on: August 6, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies
09:38

Characterizing Far-infrared Laser Emissions and the Measurement of Their Frequencies

Published on: December 18, 2015

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization
08:22

Measurement of Ultrafast Vibrational Coherences in Polyatomic Radical Cations with Strong-Field Adiabatic Ionization

Published on: August 6, 2018

Area of Science:

  • Physical Chemistry
  • Spectroscopy
  • Ultrafast Dynamics

Background:

  • Ultrafast laser spectroscopy relies on precisely controlled laser pulses.
  • Understanding pulse characteristics is vital for interpreting complex molecular dynamics.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically investigate the influence of weakly chirped laser pulses on three-pulse photon echo signals.
  • To analyze how pulse chirp affects spectral signatures and dephasing dynamics in molecular systems.

Main Methods:

  • Characterization of laser pulses with varying chirp using frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG).
  • Measurement of spectrally resolved three-pulse photon echoes of a dye in solution.
  • Theoretical simulations using a three-level model and retrieved electric fields.

Main Results:

  • Weakly chirped pulses (time-bandwidth product < 0.61) markedly alter echo signals, especially at short population times (< 100 fs).
  • Chirp can decrease or enhance excited-state absorption spectral signatures.
  • Dephasing dynamics are dependent on the electric field phase.
  • Simulations show good agreement with experimental results for both chirped and transform-limited pulses.

Conclusions:

  • Chirped pulses introduce significant artifacts in spectroscopic measurements, including non-elliptical two-dimensional spectra and false cross-peaks.
  • Accurate interpretation of spectroscopic data requires careful consideration of pulse chirp, particularly in two-dimensional spectroscopy.
  • The findings are crucial for advancing the understanding of molecular dynamics through advanced spectroscopic techniques.