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Related Concept Videos

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers01:16

Muscles of the Forearm that Move the Hand and Fingers

The muscles of the forearm that move the wrist, hand, and digits are numerous and diverse. They can be classified into two groups based on their location and function — the anterior and posterior compartment muscles.
Anterior Compartment
The anterior compartment muscles originate from the humerus. They primarily function as flexors and are also known as flexor muscles. They typically insert on the carpals, metacarpals, and phalanges. The superficial layer includes the flexor carpi radialis,...
Muscles that Move the Forearm01:16

Muscles that Move the Forearm

The muscles that move the forearms can be divided into four groups: forearm flexors, forearm extensors, forearm pronators, and forearm supinators. The flexors and extensors act on the elbow joint, while the pronators and supinators act on the radioulnar joints.
Forearm Flexors
The biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis are forearm flexors. The biceps brachii is made up of two heads. Its long head originates at the supraglenoid tubercle of the scapula, whereas that of the short head is...
Muscle Coordination and Action01:24

Muscle Coordination and Action

Muscle coordination is a complex and finely tuned process essential for smooth and purposeful movements like flexion, extension, adduction, abduction, and rotation. The human body orchestrates the actions of various muscles working in concert, each with a specific role. Four functional types describe how muscles work together: agonist, antagonist, synergist, and fixator.
Agonists
Agonist muscles, often called prime movers, are the primary muscles responsible for producing a specific movement.
Spinal Nerves: Plexus I01:22

Spinal Nerves: Plexus I

Nerve plexuses are networks of interlacing nerves that serve as communication hubs to distribute and organize nerve action across various body regions. The nerve plexuses are organized into the cervical plexus located in the neck region, brachial plexus in the shoulder area, lumbar plexus found in the lower back, sacral plexus situated in the pelvis, and coccygeal plexus located in the coccygeal region.
The Cervical Plexus
The cervical plexus, formed by the anterior rami of the first four...
Somatic Spinal Reflexes01:22

Somatic Spinal Reflexes

Somatic spinal reflexes are rapid, involuntary muscular responses to external stimuli that involve the somatic musculature and the spinal cord.
One of the most well-known somatic spinal reflexes is the stretch reflex, which is activated by the sudden stretching of a muscle. This reflex involves the activation of specialized sensory receptors called muscle spindles, which are located in the muscle tissue and detect changes in the length and speed of muscle contractions. When a muscle is suddenly...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
05:18

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Common extensor origin release in recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis - role justified?

Faizal Rayan1, Vittal Rao, Sanjay Purushothamdas

  • 1Department of Trauma & Orthopaedics, University College Hospital, London UK. rayanmarakkar@yahoo.co.uk.

Journal of Orthopaedic Surgery and Research
|May 13, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Operative management via extensor fasciotomy effectively treated recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis (tennis elbow) in most patients unresponsive to steroid injections. This surgical approach improved pain and function for the majority, offering a viable option for chronic elbow pain.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome
05:18

Ultrasound-Guided Needle Release Combined with Corticosteroid Injection for the Treatment of Supinator Syndrome

Published on: May 26, 2023

Area of Science:

  • Orthopaedic Surgery
  • Sports Medicine
  • Elbow Conditions

Background:

  • Recalcitrant lateral epicondylitis, commonly known as tennis elbow, often presents persistent pain and functional limitation.
  • Previous treatments, including multiple steroid injections, may fail to provide lasting relief for chronic cases.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of operative management, specifically extensor fasciotomy, for patients with refractory lateral epicondylitis.
  • To assess the functional outcomes and pain relief following surgical intervention in a cohort of patients with chronic tennis elbow.

Main Methods:

  • A prospective study involving forty patients diagnosed with tennis elbow and unresponsive to at least two steroid injections.
  • All patients underwent a simple extensor fasciotomy procedure at the origin of the extensor muscles.
  • Outcomes were assessed based on pain improvement, functional recovery, and overall patient satisfaction.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-five out of forty patients (87.5%) reported improvement in pain and function post-surgery.
  • Excellent or good outcomes were achieved in 35 patients (87.5%), with fair outcomes in 2 and poor outcomes in 3.
  • Only two patients experienced persistent symptoms requiring further evaluation, and three did not perceive significant improvement.

Conclusions:

  • Simple extensor fasciotomy is an effective surgical treatment for chronic and refractory lateral epicondylitis.
  • Operative management provides significant pain relief and functional improvement for the majority of patients with persistent tennis elbow symptoms.
  • Further research is warranted to explore long-term outcomes and refine surgical techniques for lateral epicondylitis.