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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy (DISE) with Target Controlled Infusion (TCI) and Bispectral Analysis in Obstructive Sleep Apnea
Published on: December 6, 2016
[Feedback control of depth of anesthesia during propofol administration. Bispectral index as the controlled variable]
M Janda1, J Bajorat, O Simanski
1Klinik und Poliklinik für Anästhesiologie und Intensivtherapie, Universität Rostock, Schillingallee 35, 18055 Rostock, Deutschland. matthias.janda@uni-rostock.de
Background:
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of a new system for closed-loop control of propofol administration using the bispectral index (BIS) under total intravenous anesthesia in the index values of middle-to-deep depth of anaesthesia.
Methods:
In this study 20 adult patients anesthetized with propofol and remifentanil were investigated. The propofol infusion was carried out using a fuzzy-PD+I controller with a target BIS value of 40.
Results:
Closed-loop control was able to provide maintenance of anesthesia and adequate operating conditions for all patients. The following quality control criteria were calculated: median performance error (MDPE; 0.16%, SD +/-1.4%), median absolute performance error (MDAPE; 6.9%, SD +/-2.8%) and wobble (6.8%, SD +/-2.5%).
Conclusion:
The present study showed the clinical feasibility of the controller compared to existing devices regarding a high level of quality criteria of a model with an implemented fuzzy-PD+I structure controlling depth of hypnosis.
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