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Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

Published on: October 18, 2018

Comparing reading speed for horizontal and vertical English text.

Deyue Yu¹, Heejung Park, David Gerold

¹University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA, USA. dion@berkeley.edu

Journal of Vision

|May 14, 2010

Summary

Reading vertical text is slower due to a reduced visual span. This study found that both rotated and marquee formats significantly decrease reading speed compared to horizontal text.

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Area of Science:

Cognitive Psychology
Human-Computer Interaction
Visual Perception

Background:

Reading horizontal text is faster than vertical formats like marquee or rotated text.
The visual span, the number of letters recognized accurately without eye movement, is a proposed factor limiting reading speed.
Previous research indicates marquee text is the slowest vertical format.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the correlation between visual span size and reading speed for different vertical text formats.
To compare reading performance across uppercase and lowercase letters in vertical and horizontal orientations.
To determine if reduced visual span explains slower reading in vertical text arrangements.

Main Methods:

Reading speed was measured using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) and flashcard methods.
Participants read uppercase and lowercase English letters presented in horizontal, marquee, and rotated formats.
The size of the visual span was assessed in relation to reading speed for each format.

Main Results:

Horizontal text was 139% faster than marquee and 81% faster than rotated vertical text.
Visual span size strongly correlated with reading speed for both uppercase and lowercase letters.
This correlation held true for both RSVP and flashcard presentation methods.

Conclusions:

Slower reading speeds for vertical text formats are attributed to a decrease in the size of the visual span.
The findings support the visual span hypothesis as an explanation for reduced reading efficiency in vertical text.
Optimizing text display for vertical reading may require considering visual span limitations.