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Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma: Pathogenesis and Management

Asthma is a chronic pulmonary condition involving inflammation of the airways, hyper-reactivity, and reversible obstruction of the airways. This condition can significantly impact a person's quality of life, making breathing difficult and leading to distressing symptoms.
Asthma is classified as allergic and non-allergic. Allergens such as dust mites, pollen, and pet dander trigger allergic asthma, while factors like cold air, intense emotions, or exercise can induce non-allergic asthma.

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma I: Introduction

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disorder of the airways characterized by variable airflow obstruction and heightened bronchial responsiveness to a wide range of triggers. The underlying inflammation leads to airway swelling, mucus hypersecretion, and smooth muscle constriction, all of which narrow the airway lumen and impede airflow. Clinically, asthma presents with recurrent episodes of wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and coughing, symptoms that typically vary in intensity and...

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma-II: Pathophysiology and Classification

Asthma is a prevalent chronic respiratory condition marked by inflammation and hyperresponsiveness of the airways. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among inflammatory pathways, immune responses, and neural mechanisms.
Additionally, environmental and genetic factors play crucial roles in determining an individual's susceptibility to asthma and the severity of their condition.
Critical processes in asthma pathophysiology include:

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Other Pulmonary Disorders

Respiratory disorders encompass a range of conditions with varying levels of severity. Asthma, marked by chronic airway inflammation and hypersensitivity, is one such condition. It can lead to airway obstruction due to factors like bronchial spasms, mucosal edema, increased mucus secretion, or epithelial damage. Asthma triggers are diverse, ranging from allergens to emotional upset, and treatment focuses on both immediate relief through bronchodilators and long-term inflammation suppression.

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Allergic Reactions: Anaphylaxis

Anaphylaxis is a severe, life-threatening hypersensitivity reaction mediated by Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. When IgE binds to allergens, it triggers the release of mediators– histamine, leukotrienes, and prostaglandins from mast cells and basophils. These mediators cause vasodilation, edema, and inflammation, leading to various symptoms.The primary allergens causing anaphylaxis include food items (e.g., peanuts, shellfish), drugs (e.g., penicillin, asparaginase, corticotropin, heparin),...

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical Pneumonia

Atypical pneumonia, often caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae, is a form of pulmonary infection that differs from the classical presentation of bacterial pneumonia in both its cause and clinical symptoms. Mycoplasma pneumoniae is a pleomorphic bacterium notable for its lack of a rigid cell wall. This structural characteristic imparts resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics and significantly influences the bacterium’s behavior within the human host.Other pathogens responsible for the disease include...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by using Lateral-flow Technology

Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by using Lateral-flow Technology

Published on: March 22, 2012

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis.

Karen Patterson¹, Mary E Strek

¹Department of Medicine, Section of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, The University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.

Proceedings of the American Thoracic Society

|May 14, 2010

Summary

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is an allergic immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus, often seen in asthma or cystic fibrosis patients. Early recognition and treatment with corticosteroids are crucial for managing this complex lung condition.

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Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

Published on: March 9, 2018

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by using Lateral-flow Technology

Detection of Invasive Pulmonary Aspergillosis in Haematological Malignancy Patients by using Lateral-flow Technology

Published on: March 22, 2012

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

Histological Quantification to Determine Lung Fungal Burden in Experimental Aspergillosis

Published on: March 9, 2018

Area of Science:

Pulmonology
Allergy and Immunology
Infectious Diseases

Background:

Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA) is a hypersensitivity disorder.
It arises from an allergic immune response to Aspergillus fumigatus.
ABPA commonly affects individuals with asthma or cystic fibrosis.

Purpose of the Study:

To define the diagnostic criteria for ABPA.
To outline staging for disease management.
To discuss treatment strategies and follow-up.

Main Methods:

Diagnosis relies on a combination of clinical, laboratory, and radiographic findings.
Key indicators include active asthma, eosinophilia, elevated IgE, pulmonary opacities, bronchiectasis, and Aspergillus sensitization.
Diagnostic criteria have evolved over time.

Main Results:

ABPA is characterized by specific clinical and immunological markers.
Disease staging helps differentiate active disease from remission or end-stage conditions.
Corticosteroids are effective treatments, though often require long-term use.

Conclusions:

ABPA requires consideration in asthma and cystic fibrosis patients, particularly those with refractory disease.
Early diagnosis and management are essential to prevent lung function decline.
Antifungal azoles may serve as corticosteroid-sparing agents, and vigilant monitoring for recurrence is necessary.