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Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Drug Dosing: Geriatric Patients

Elderly individuals encompass a diverse population with varying degrees of age-related physiological changes. Defining the elderly presents challenges, as the geriatric population is often arbitrarily categorized as individuals older than 65. However, many individuals in this group lead active and healthy lives, with an increasing number surpassing 85 years and falling into the older elderly category. Physiological changes associated with aging impact performance capacity and homeostatic...

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Pharmacodynamics in Geriatric Patients: Effects of Age

Age-related pharmacokinetic changes are extensively documented, but understanding age-related pharmacodynamic alterations is relatively limited. This knowledge gap can be partly attributed to the complexity of developing appropriate measures of drug responses compared to bioanalytical methods for determining drug concentrations.Most information regarding age-related differences in human pharmacodynamics originates from cross-sectional studies. However, these studies assume that observed mean...

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Absorption

As individuals age, their body's physiology evolves, affecting drug pharmacokinetics. The most apparent changes occur in the gastrointestinal tract, where an increase in gastric pH, a delay in gastric emptying, and a reduction in gastrointestinal motility are observed. Remarkably, these changes do not substantially modify the absorption of orally administered drugs, particularly those absorbed via passive diffusion.Transdermal drug delivery emerges as a highly viable method for older adults due...

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

Pharmacokinetics in Geriatric Patients: Effect of Age on Drug Distribution

Drug distribution in the human body is influenced by several factors, including plasma protein concentration, body composition, blood flow, tissue-protein concentration, and tissue fluid pH. Among these, changes in plasma protein concentration and body composition due to aging significantly affect how drugs are distributed within the body. Specifically, aging is associated with a decrease in albumin levels by about 10% and an increase in α1-acid glycoprotein levels. These alterations are not...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

3D-Neuronavigation In Vivo Through a Patient's Brain During a Spontaneous Migraine Headache

Published on: June 2, 2014

Secondary headaches in the elderly.

¹Dipartimento Testa Collo, Ospedale P.A. Micone, ASL 3 Genovese, Largo Nevio Rosso, CAP 16153, Genoa, Italy. paolo.tanganelli@asl3.liguria.it

Neurological Sciences : Official Journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology

|May 14, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Headache prevalence declines with age, but remains common in the elderly. New or changed headaches in older adults often signal serious organic diseases requiring careful diagnosis.

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Area of Science:

Neurology
Geriatrics
Internal Medicine

Background:

Headache is a common complaint across all age groups.
Primary headache disorders typically decrease in incidence with advancing age.
Organic causes of headache become more prevalent in individuals over 55-60 years old.

Purpose of the Study:

To highlight the shift in headache etiology with aging.
To emphasize the importance of considering organic causes in elderly patients presenting with new or altered headache patterns.
To underscore the need for a comprehensive diagnostic approach in geriatric headache patients.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on headache in the elderly.
Analysis of age-related changes in primary and secondary headache disorders.
Discussion of diagnostic considerations and differential diagnoses for headaches in older adults.

Main Results:

Aging is associated with a decreased incidence of primary headaches.
There is a notable increase in secondary headaches due to underlying organic conditions in the elderly population.
New-onset or changed headache patterns in individuals over 55-60 years old warrant high suspicion for serious pathology.

Conclusions:

Headaches in the elderly necessitate a thorough evaluation to rule out underlying organic diseases.
Conditions such as giant cell arteritis, intracranial masses, cerebrovascular events, and metabolic abnormalities are key considerations in secondary headaches of the aged.
A broad differential diagnosis and specialized diagnostic considerations are crucial for effective management of headaches in geriatric patients.