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Related Concept Videos

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care01:29

Pulmonary Embolism II: Diagnostic Studies and Interprofessional Care

Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care01:29

Venous Thrombosis III: Interprofessional Care

Venous thrombosis requires effective prevention and treatment strategies to improve patient outcomes and reduce potential complications.Prevention StrategiesHealthcare providers must prioritize preventing venous thromboembolism (VTE) for all adult patients upon admission. Interventions depend on bleeding and thrombosis risk, medical history, current medications, diagnoses, planned procedures, and patient preferences. Patients on bed rest should change positions every two hours and, if not...
Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care01:27

Peripheral Artery Disease III: Interprofessional Care

Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD) is characterized by narrowed arteries that diminish blood flow to the extremities. Effective management of PAD requires an interprofessional approach involving various healthcare professionals. The critical aspects of interprofessional care for PAD patients focus on risk factor modification, drug therapy, exercise therapy, nutrition therapy, critical limb ischemia care, and interventional radiology and surgical procedures.The primary treatment goal for PAD...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists01:23

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Prostacyclin Receptor Agonists

Prostacyclin receptor agonists are a class of therapeutic agents integral to managing pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). These drugs operate by mimicking the action of prostaglandin I2, or PGI2, a naturally occurring compound in the body.
These agonists bind to the IPR receptor situated on the plasma membrane of the pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. This binding triggers a cascade of reactions known as the GS-AC-cAMP-PKA pathway. This pathway results in the relaxation of smooth muscle...
Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists01:18

Treatment for Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension: Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

Endothelins (ETs) are potent vasoactive peptides critical in the human body's various physiological and pathological processes. One of the most promising therapeutic strategies for treating pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) involves counteracting the effects of these endothelins using a class of drugs known as endothelin receptor antagonists.
ETs are synthesized through a complex sequence of enzymatic steps, primarily involving an enzyme referred to as endothelin-converting enzyme (ECE). Of...
Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management01:27

Pulmonary Embolism III: Nursing Management

A pulmonary embolism occurs when a thrombus, amniotic fluid, tumor tissue, fat, or air embolus blocks one or more pulmonary arteries. Effective nursing management and patient education are crucial for improving outcomes and preventing recurrence.Nursing management starts with obtaining a comprehensive patient history, particularly noting any history of deep vein thrombosis (DVT). Assess for clinical manifestations, including dyspnea, chest pain, crackles, heart murmurs, and signs of right-sided...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations
14:58

Comprehensive Endovascular and Open Surgical Management of Cerebral Arteriovenous Malformations

Published on: October 20, 2017

Embolisation therapy for pulmonary arteriovenous malformations.

Charlie C-T Hsu1, Gigi Nc Kwan, Shane A Thompson

  • 1The Alfred Hospital, Commercial Road, Prahran, Victoria, Australia, 3181.

The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
|May 14, 2010
PubMed
Summary

No randomized controlled trials were found for pulmonary arteriovenous malformation embolization. Observational data suggest embolization therapy is beneficial, reducing mortality and morbidity compared to no treatment.

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Catheter-based Endovascular Angioplasty for Fibrosing Mediastinitis-associated Pulmonary Vein Stenosis

Published on: August 26, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Vascular Medicine
  • Interventional Radiology

Background:

  • Pulmonary arteriovenous malformations (PAVMs) are abnormal vascular connections causing right-to-left shunts.
  • PAVMs lead to significant morbidity and mortality, primarily due to paradoxical emboli, stroke, and hemorrhage.
  • Embolization therapy aims to occlude feeding arteries to PAVMs, preventing serious complications.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy and safety of embolization therapy for PAVMs.
  • To compare embolization with surgical resection and different embolization devices.

Main Methods:

  • Searched multiple clinical trial registries and databases up to November 2009.
  • Included randomized controlled trials comparing embolization to no treatment, surgery, or other devices.
  • Eligibility assessed by independent reviewers.

Main Results:

  • No randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were identified in the search.
  • Consequently, no statistical analysis could be performed.

Conclusions:

  • Currently, no RCTs support or refute embolization for PAVMs.
  • Observational studies indicate embolization therapy reduces mortality and morbidity.
  • Registry studies and future RCTs comparing devices are recommended to strengthen evidence.