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Related Concept Videos

Skin Diseases and Disorders01:23

Skin Diseases and Disorders

Skin is the first line of defense and encounters a variety of microbes. Some pathogenic strains are often the cause of a broad range of infections of the skin and other body systems. These conditions can affect people of all ages and may have different causes, including genetic factors, infections, autoimmune reactions, environmental factors, and lifestyle choices.
Gram-positive Staphylococcus spp. and Streptococcus spp. are responsible for many of the most common skin infections. However, many...
Skin Cancer01:30

Skin Cancer

Skin cancer is a type of cancer that occurs when there is an abnormal growth of skin cells, usually triggered by damage to the DNA within the skin cells. It is primarily caused by exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or artificial sources like tanning beds. Skin cancer is the most common type of cancer worldwide, and its incidence continues to rise.
Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC): BCC is the most common type of skin cancer, accounting for about 80% of cases. It typically develops in...
Papillary Dermis01:11

Papillary Dermis

Dermis
The dermis might be considered the "core" of the integumentary system, as distinct from the epidermis and hypodermis. It contains blood and lymph vessels, nerves, and other structures, such as hair follicles and sweat glands. The dermis is made of two layers of connective tissue that comprise an interconnected mesh of elastin and collagenous fibers, produced by fibroblasts.
Papillary Layer
The papillary layer is made of loose, areolar connective tissue, which means the collagen and...
Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation01:27

Assessment of the Cardiovascular System III: Palpation

Palpation involves feeling the body to evaluate texture, size, consistency, and tenderness for assessing cardiovascular health. The following steps are organized in a head-to-toe order:
Jugular Venous Pressure (JVP) Measurement
Position the patient at a thirty- to forty-five-degree angle or in a semi-fowler's position. Look for the highest point of pulsation in the internal jugular vein and measure the vertical distance to the angle of Loius or sternal angle. A normal JVP is 3-4 cm above the...
Reticular Dermis01:15

Reticular Dermis

The papillary and reticular dermis are the two layers of the dermis. They are made of connective tissue with fibers of collagen extending from one to the other, making the border between the two somewhat indistinct. The dermal papillae extending into the epidermis belong to the papillary layer, whereas the dense collagen fiber bundles below belong to the reticular layer.
Reticular Layer
Underlying the papillary layer is the much thicker reticular layer, composed of dense, irregular connective...
Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails01:05

Accessory Structures of the Skin: Nails

Nails are one of the important accessory structures of the skin. They are hard, protective structures that cover the dorsal surface of the distal phalanges of fingers and toes. Nails are composed of specialized keratinized cells and serve various functions, including protection, sensation, and manual dexterity.
The main components of a nail include the following.
Nail Plate: The nail plate is the visible portion of the nail that extends beyond the fingertips or toes. It is a hard, translucent...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home
02:28

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home

Published on: March 1, 2024

Cutaneous vascular patterns in psoriasis.

Giuseppe Micali1, Francesco Lacarrubba, Maria Letizia Musumeci

  • 1Dermatology Clinic, University of Catania, Catania, Italy. cldermct@nti.it

International Journal of Dermatology
|May 15, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Microvascular abnormalities are key to psoriasis development, with skin cells promoting blood vessel growth. New imaging techniques aid in diagnosing and monitoring this condition.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home
02:28

Measuring Psoriasis Severity at Home

Published on: March 1, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Dermatology
  • Vascular Biology
  • Pathogenesis of Psoriasis

Background:

  • Microvascular abnormalities are central to psoriasis pathogenesis.
  • Activated keratinocytes release pro-angiogenic factors, driving vascular proliferation.
  • Altered microvasculature supports psoriatic lesion development and persistence.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the role of microvascular abnormalities in psoriasis.
  • To discuss mechanisms underlying vascular changes in psoriasis.
  • To explore therapeutic implications of microvascular alterations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of investigational studies on psoriasis pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of pro-angiogenic cytokines released by keratinocytes.
  • Discussion of videodermatoscopy for in vivo microvascular assessment.

Main Results:

  • Epidermal keratinocytes contribute to vascular proliferation via cytokine release (e.g., VEGF, TNF-alpha).
  • Microvascular changes are essential for lesion maintenance and inflammatory cell recruitment.
  • Dilated, tortuous vessels in dermal papillae are early histological markers.

Conclusions:

  • Microvascular abnormalities are integral to psoriasis pathogenesis.
  • Understanding vascular mechanisms offers therapeutic targets.
  • Videodermatoscopy is a valuable tool for clinical management.