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Related Concept Videos

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational01:22

Diabetes Mellitus: Type 2 and Gestational

Type 2 diabetes, characterized by insulin resistance, arises when the insulin receptors on cells lose responsiveness to insulin, diminishing the cell's capacity to take up glucose, resulting in elevated blood glucose levels. To receive a diagnosis of Type 2 diabetes, a series of blood glucose tests are necessary to assess whether the blood glucose falls within normal parameters. If the result is out of the normal range, a patient may be diagnosed as prediabetic or diabetic, depending on the...
Diabetic Retinopathy01:27

Diabetic Retinopathy

DefinitionDiabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication of diabetes affecting the retinal blood vessels.Risk FactorsDiabetic retinopathy is present in almost all individuals with type 1 diabetes and more than 60% of those with type 2 diabetes after two decades of disease.The risk increases with poor glycemic control, hypertension, dyslipidemia, smoking, pregnancy, and puberty.Although cataracts and glaucoma are also more frequent in people with diabetes, retinopathy remains the leading...
Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology01:24

Type II Diabetes II: Pathophysiology

PathophysiologyType 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM ) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by insulin resistance and progressive pancreatic β-cell dysfunction, leading to impaired glucose homeostasis. It results from interactions among genetic predisposition, environmental factors, and metabolic stressors, such as overnutrition and a sedentary lifestyle.Insulin Resistance and Glucose DysregulationEarly T2DM involves insulin resistance in skeletal muscle, adipose tissue, and the liver.
Diabetic Nephropathy01:28

Diabetic Nephropathy

Definition Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic kidney complication that results from prolonged hyperglycemia.Prevalence It is the most common cause of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) worldwide, affecting up to half of individuals with diabetes.Pathophysiology • Sustained hyperglycemia triggers multiple hemodynamic and metabolic changes in the kidney. • Early in the disease, increased renal blood flow and glomerular hyperfiltration occur due to afferent arteriolar...
Carbohydrate Metabolism01:36

Carbohydrate Metabolism

Carbohydrates are polymers composed of molecules containing atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. One gram of carbohydrate can provide four kilo-calories of energy, which makes it the most efficient instant energy source.
Starch accounts for approximately 60% of the carbohydrates consumed by humans. Since amylase enzymes cannot function in the stomach's acidic environment, starch can only be digested in the mouth and small intestine. Simple sugars are found naturally in milk and fruits in the...
Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction01:26

Diabetes Mellitus: Introduction

Diabetes mellitus consists of chronic metabolic disorders characterized by persistent hyperglycemia. This elevated blood glucose results from defects in insulin secretion, impaired insulin action, or both. Insulin, produced by pancreatic β-cells, is essential for maintaining glucose homeostasis by facilitating cellular glucose uptake for energy or storage. Disruptions in insulin production or function lead to glucose accumulation in the bloodstream, causing the clinical features and long-term...

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An Assay to Detect Protection of the Retinal Vasculature from Diabetes-Related Death in Mice
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Published on: January 12, 2024

The refractory diabetic.

W B Spaulding

    Canadian Family Physician Medecin De Famille Canadien
    |May 15, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary
    This summary is machine-generated.

    Many individuals with diabetes struggle with blood sugar control despite standard treatments. Identifying hidden causes like infections, obesity, and patient errors is crucial for managing difficult-to-treat diabetes.

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    Area of Science:

    • Endocrinology
    • Metabolic Diseases
    • Diabetes Management

    Background:

    • Standard diabetes mellitus treatments (diet, exercise, oral agents, insulin) are often insufficient for adequate glycemic control in some patients.
    • Refractory diabetes mellitus presents a significant clinical challenge, necessitating a deeper investigation beyond conventional therapeutic approaches.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To identify underlying factors contributing to inadequate glycemic control in patients with diabetes mellitus.
    • To emphasize the importance of investigating occult conditions and patient-related issues in managing refractory diabetes.

    Main Methods:

    • Review of clinical cases presenting with difficult-to-control diabetes mellitus.
    • Analysis of common and uncommon factors impacting glycemic regulation.
    • Evaluation of patient adherence and potential errors in self-management.

    Main Results:

    • Occult factors, including infections and obesity, were frequently associated with refractory diabetes.
    • Patient-related errors in treatment adherence or understanding were identified as significant contributors to poor control.
    • Obvious clinical conditions alone did not fully explain treatment failures in many cases.

    Conclusions:

    • Comprehensive evaluation is essential for patients with diabetes mellitus exhibiting poor glycemic control.
    • Addressing hidden infections, obesity, and patient-related factors is critical for optimizing diabetes management.
    • A thorough investigation beyond standard therapeutic adjustments is required for refractory diabetes mellitus.