Search research articles

ABOUT JoVE

Overview Leadership Blog JoVE Help Center

AUTHORS

Publishing Process Editorial Board Scope & Policies Peer Review FAQ Submit

LIBRARIANS

Testimonials Subscriptions Access Resources Library Advisory Board FAQ

RESEARCH

JoVE Journal Methods Collections JoVE Encyclopedia of Experiments Archive

EDUCATION

JoVE Core JoVE Business JoVE Science Education JoVE Lab Manual Faculty Resource Center Faculty Site

Terms & Conditions of Use

Related Concept Videos

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by

Same author

Staged approach to overcome hyperbilirubinemia: tailored chemotherapy in liver metastases-a case report.

Journal of gastrointestinal oncology·2026

Same author

An overview of KRAS-targeting therapies for colorectal cancer in phase I and II development.

Expert opinion on investigational drugs·2026

Same author

PCNA Inhibition Enhances the Antitumor Activity of KRAS-Targeted Therapies in Pancreatic Cancer.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

Co-targeting KRAS and Exportin1 as an effective therapeutic strategy for KRASG12D mutant pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.

bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology·2025

Same author

An Update on Novel Pharmacotherapies for the Treatment of Neuroendocrine Tumors.

International journal of molecular sciences·2025

Same author

XPO1 inhibition in KRAS-mutant cancers: time for clinical trials but how?

Translational lung cancer research·2025

Search research articles

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice

Published on: June 8, 2022

Hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with leuprolide (Lupron).

Joseph Gnanaraj¹, Muhammad Wasif Saif

¹Internal Medicine Residency Program, Assistant Program Director, Griffin Hospital, Derby, CT, USA.

Cutaneous and Ocular Toxicology

|May 18, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

This case report details the first instance of serum sickness, a type of hypersensitivity vasculitis, linked to leuprolide (Lupron) treatment for prostate cancer. Physicians should monitor for these rare but serious adverse reactions.

More Related Videos

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Published on: May 2, 2013

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice

Analyses of Proteinuria, Renal Infiltration of Leukocytes, and Renal Deposition of Proteins in Lupus-prone MRL/lpr Mice

Published on: June 8, 2022

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Trans-vivo Delayed Type Hypersensitivity Assay for Antigen Specific Regulation

Published on: May 2, 2013

Area of Science:

Endocrinology
Oncology
Immunology

Background:

Leuprolide acetate is a synthetic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) analog widely used for treating advanced prostate cancer, endometriosis, and off-label for hormone-responsive breast cancer.
Since its FDA approval in 1985, leuprolide has been associated with various adverse reactions, including local irritation and anaphylactoid responses.

Observation:

This report presents a unique case of hypersensitivity vasculitis, also known as serum sickness, occurring in a patient undergoing leuprolide therapy for prostate cancer.
The patient developed symptoms consistent with serum sickness following leuprolide administration.

Findings:

This is the first documented case of serum sickness as an adverse reaction to leuprolide.
The findings suggest a potential link between leuprolide and the development of hypersensitivity vasculitis.

Implications:

Healthcare providers prescribing leuprolide should be vigilant for early signs and symptoms of hypersensitivity vasculitis or serum sickness.
This case expands the known spectrum of adverse reactions associated with leuprolide, emphasizing the need for comprehensive patient monitoring.