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Hepatitis

Hepatitis

Hepatitis is an inflammatory condition of the liver most commonly caused by hepatotropic viruses (A–E), though non-infectious causes such as alcohol and drugs also exist.Hepatitis AHepatitis A virus (HAV) is a non-enveloped RNA virus of the Picornaviridae family. It is primarily transmitted via the fecal-oral route, typically through ingestion of contaminated food or water. After ingestion, HAV enters the bloodstream through the oropharynx or intestinal epithelium and reaches the liver. The...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Pathophysiologic Assessment and Liver Function Test

In clinical practice, the direct measurement of hepatic blood flow to evaluate liver function presents significant challenges due to the intricate and specialized nature of the necessary techniques. Consequently, healthcare professionals often rely on empirical estimates derived from thorough patient examinations and liver function tests to gauge liver health. Among the tools at their disposal, the Child–Pugh and MELD scoring systems stand out for their ability to categorize and assess the...

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis I: Introduction

Hemodialysis (HD) is a medical treatment that artificially removes waste products, excess fluids, and toxins from the blood when the kidneys are no longer able to perform these functions effectively. In this process, blood is filtered through a semipermeable membrane, allowing for the selective removal of waste while preserving necessary components like blood cells and proteins. Hemodialysis is typically performed in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or severe kidney...

Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications

Hemodialysis II: Procedure and Complications

DialyzersA hemodialysis (HD) dialyzer is a plastic cartridge containing thousands of parallel hollow fibers, which serve as semipermeable membranes. These fibers are typically made from cellulose-based or other synthetic materials. During HD, blood is pumped into the top of the cartridge and distributed among these fibers. Simultaneously, dialysis fluid, known as dialysate, is introduced into the bottom of the cartridge, bathing the outside of the fibers. Across the semipermeable membrane,...

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Effect of Hepatic Disease on Pharmacokinetics: Drug Dosing and Hepatic Blood Flow

Chronic liver disease significantly impacts drug metabolism due to alterations in hepatic blood flow and enzyme accessibility. This disruption affects the body's pharmacokinetics—the movement and processing of drugs within the system. Key enzymes crucial for metabolizing medications become less accessible, changing how drugs are processed and utilized. Furthermore, liver disease influences the synthesis of plasma proteins, such as albumin and globulins, which play critical roles in drug binding...

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis

Extracorporeal Removal of Drugs: Peritoneal Dialysis and Hemodialysis

Patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) or those experiencing drug overdose often require extracorporeal methods to eliminate accumulated drugs and metabolites. Hemoperfusion, hemofiltration, and dialysis are the primary techniques to rapidly remove harmful substances without disrupting the patient's fluid and electrolyte balance. For those with compromised renal function, dosage adjustments of concurrent medications may be necessary during extracorporeal drug removal.Dialysis is a process...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

Published on: May 10, 2022

Review article: Hepatitis B and dialysis.

Matthew Edey¹, Katherine Barraclough, David W Johnson

¹Department of Renal Medicine, University of Queensland at Princess Alexandra Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.

Nephrology (Carlton, Vic.)

|May 18, 2010

Summary

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a concern in dialysis patients despite vaccination and improved infection control. This review covers HBV epidemiology, diagnosis, and management in dialysis settings.

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A Competent Hepatocyte Model Examining Hepatitis B Virus Entry through Sodium Taurocholate Cotransporting Polypeptide as a Therapeutic Target

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Area of Science:

Nephrology
Infectious Diseases
Public Health

Background:

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection incidence in dialysis populations has decreased due to infection control and vaccination.
Outbreaks persist, and prevalence remains high, with dialysis patients at increased risk and different disease manifestations.

Purpose of the Study:

To review the epidemiology, transmission, and diagnosis of HBV in dialysis patients.
To discuss prevention and treatment strategies, including vaccination response, new therapies, and patient selection.

Main Methods:

Literature review of HBV epidemiology in dialysis populations.
Analysis of transmission modes and diagnostic approaches.
Evaluation of current and emerging prevention and treatment strategies.

Main Results:

Dialysis patients face a higher risk of HBV acquisition and progression to chronic carriage.
Despite progress, outbreaks and high prevalence necessitate continued vigilance.
Improved vaccination response and novel therapeutics are key areas for advancement.

Conclusions:

Effective HBV prevention and management in dialysis units require ongoing efforts in infection control, vaccination, and therapeutic innovation.
Tailored strategies are crucial for mitigating HBV risk and improving outcomes in this vulnerable population.