Surface elasticity imaging of vascular tissues in a liquid environment by a scanning haptic microscope

The objective of this study was to make an elasticity distribution image of natural arteries in a liquid environment at high resolution at the micrometer level and at a wide area at the sub-square millimeter level by improving the scanning haptic microscope (SHM), developed previously for characterization of the stiffness of natural tissues. The circumferential sections (thickness, 1.0 mm) of small-caliber porcine arteries (approximately 3-mm diameter) were used as a sample. Measurement was performed by soaking a probe (diameter, 5 microm; spatial resolution, less than 2 microm) in saline solution at an appropriate depth. The vascular tissues were segregated by multi-layering a high elasticity region with mainly elastin (50.8 +/- 13.8 kPa) and a low one with mainly collagen and smooth muscle cells (17.0 +/- 9.0 kPa), as observed previously in high humidity conditions. The elasticity was measured repeatedly with little change for over 4 h in a liquid environment, which enabled observation with maintenance of high precision of a large area of at least 1,200 x 100 microm, whereas the elasticity was increased with time by the dehydration of samples with shrinkage in the air, in which an averaged elasticity in the overall area was approximately doubled within 2 h. This simple, inexpensive system allows observation of the distribution of the surface elasticity at the extracellular matrix level of vascular tissues in a liquid environment close to the natural one.