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Related Concept Videos

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents01:29

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Immunomodulatory Agents

Crohn's disease is an inflammatory bowel disorder marked by chronic inflammation of the GI tract. Various treatment strategies for Crohn's disease are employed, such as immunomodulatory agents, glucocorticoids, and biologics or anti-TNF therapy. Azathioprine (Imuran), a commonly used immunomodulatory drug for Crohn's disease, is converted in the body to mercaptopurine, which inhibits purine biosynthesis and cell proliferation. Both are utilized in severe cases of Inflammatory Bowel Disease...
Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors01:29

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring: Affecting Factors

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring (TDM) is the clinical practice of measuring specific drug levels in a patient's blood or body tissues to manage and optimize therapy. TDM is crucial for drugs with narrow therapeutic windows, like warfarin and phenytoin, where incorrect doses can lead to treatment failure or severe side effects. This monitoring ensures the dosage administered is within a safe and effective range. The factors affecting therapeutic drug monitoring include:Patient-Specific Factors:a.
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF01:24

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Biologic Agents: Anti-TNF

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab (Humira),...
Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management01:21

Rheumatic Heart Disease III: Medical Management

Rheumatic heart disease (RHD) management can be divided into two main strategies: prevention and long-term management.Primary PreventionPrimary prevention focuses on timely diagnosis and management of group A streptococcal pharyngitis to prevent acute rheumatic fever. The most widely used antibiotic for treating this condition is intramuscular benzathine penicillin G.Acute Rheumatic Fever TreatmentThe primary treatment goal for a patient diagnosed with acute rheumatic fever is to suppress the...
Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids01:21

Drugs for Treatment of Crohn's Disease in IBD Using Glucocorticoids

Glucocorticoids, a class of anti-inflammatory drugs, are pivotal in treating moderate to severe Crohn's disease by inducing remission. They exhibit their anti-inflammatory action by inhibiting the production of inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, interleukin (IL)-1, and chemokines like IL-8. In addition, they reduce the expression of inflammatory cell adhesion molecules and inhibit gene transcription of nitric oxide synthase, phospholipase A2, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2),...
T Cell Types and Functions01:24

T Cell Types and Functions

When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
Th1 cells stimulate dendritic cells to express necessary co-stimulatory molecules on their surfaces for...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Preliminary Study on Acupuncture Combined with Grain-sized Moxibustion for Treating Rheumatoid Arthritis with Finger Joint Pain
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Methotrexate in rheumatoid arthritis.

Edwin Sl Chan1, Patricia Fernandez, Bruce N Cronstein

  • 1New York University School of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Department of Medicine, 550 First Ave., New York, NY 10016, USA.

Expert Review of Clinical Immunology
|May 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Methotrexate remains a key treatment for rheumatoid arthritis, with recent research clarifying its action and safety. Its value persists despite newer combination therapies.

Area of Science:

  • Rheumatology
  • Pharmacology

Background:

  • Methotrexate has been a primary therapy for rheumatoid arthritis for over 50 years.
  • Interest in methotrexate surged in the 1980s, leading to deeper understanding of its mechanisms and safety profile.
  • Combination therapies have not diminished methotrexate's importance in rheumatoid arthritis treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of methotrexate.
  • To discuss the clinical applications of methotrexate as an anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying agent in rheumatoid arthritis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics.
  • Analysis of clinical applications in rheumatoid arthritis therapy.

Main Results:

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  • Methotrexate's anti-inflammatory and disease-modifying properties are well-established.
  • Understanding of methotrexate's mechanisms of action and safety has advanced significantly.
  • Methotrexate remains a valuable agent, even with the advent of combination therapies.

Conclusions:

  • Methotrexate continues to be a cornerstone therapy for rheumatoid arthritis.
  • Its established efficacy and safety profile support its ongoing use.
  • Further insights into its action enhance its clinical application.