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Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

Gross Anatomy of the Lungs

The lungs are a pair of vital organs connected to the trachea via the left and right bronchi. The base of these organs meets the dome-shaped muscle known as the diaphragm. Encased by the pleurae, the lungs contact the mediastinum. The right lung is shorter yet wider, and has a larger volume than the left lung. The left lung has an indentation known as the cardiac notch. The superior region of the lungs is referred to as the apex, whereas the base is the lower region near the diaphragm. The...

The Respiratory System

The Respiratory System

The respiratory system is comprised of the organs that enable breathing. Air enters the nostrils and mouth, followed by the pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box), which lead to the trachea (windpipe). In the thoracic cavity, the trachea splits into two bronchi that allow air to enter the lungs. The bronchi split into progressively smaller bronchioles and terminate in small groups of tiny sacs in the lungs called alveoli, where gas exchange occurs.

Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts

Alveoli and Alveolar Ducts

The respiratory zone of the human body, which stands in contrast to the conducting zone, comprises the structures that actively participate in the exchange of gases. The initiation of this zone is marked by the terminal bronchioles converging into respiratory bronchioles, the tiniest bronchiole classification. The respiratory bronchioles give way to the alveolar ducts that opens into a congregation of alveoli. Actively involved in gas exchange, alveoli resemble tiny sacs similar to clusters of...

The Bronchial Tree

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The human bronchi and bronchial tree play a crucial role in the respiratory system, facilitating the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide. Let's delve into the intricate structure and functions of these respiratory components.
The trachea, commonly known as the windpipe, is a tube that connects the larynx (voice box) to the bronchi. At a point called the carina, it bifurcates into two primary bronchi. The right primary bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left primary...

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract

Anatomy of Respiratory System II: Lower Respiratory Tract

The lower respiratory tract is anatomically composed of several vital structures, including the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree, alveoli, lungs, and pleurae. Each component has a specific function, and all are intricately connected to ensure efficient respiration.
The Larynx
It is located between the pharynx and the trachea, acts as a passageway for air, and hosts several critical structures, such as the epiglottis, vocal cords, and glottis. The epiglottis acts as a gateway, guiding food to the...

Pleura of the Lungs

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...

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Th-17 cells in the lungs?

Stefan Ivanov¹, Anders Lindén

¹Lung Immunology & Pharmacology Groups, Department of Internal Medicine/Respiratory Medicine and Allergology, Institute of Medicine Sahlgrenska Academy at Göteborg University, Guldhedsgatan 10 A, S-413 46 Gothenburg, Sweden. stefan.ivanov@lungall.gu.se

Expert Review of Respiratory Medicine

|May 19, 2010

Summary

The T helper-17 (Th17) cell subset, crucial for host defense, links innate and adaptive immunity. Understanding human Th17 cells may offer new therapeutic targets for lung disorders.

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Multicellular Human Alveolar Model Composed of Epithelial Cells and Primary Immune Cells for Hazard Assessment

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Published on: May 6, 2020

Area of Science:

Immunology
Cell Biology

Background:

Naive CD4 cells differentiate into T helper (Th) cells, traditionally classified as Th-1 and Th-2 subsets.
Recent research highlights a third subset, Th-17, characterized by IL-17 production and involvement in host defense, particularly in mouse models.

Purpose of the Study:

To explore the role and functional inter-relationship of the Th-17 cell subset in human lungs.
To investigate the potential of Th-17 cells as therapeutic targets for lung disorders.

Main Methods:

Review of existing literature on Th cell differentiation and function.
Analysis of evidence from mouse models and human patient studies regarding Th-17 cells and IL-17 levels.

Main Results:

Th-17 cells are implicated in host defense, with altered IL-17 levels observed in human lung diseases like asthma and cystic fibrosis.
Evidence suggests Th-17 cells are functionally distinct from Th-2 cells, but their relationship with Th-1 cells in humans remains unclear.

Conclusions:

The Th-17 subset may bridge innate and adaptive immunity.
Further understanding of human Th-17 cells is essential for developing novel pharmacotherapies for lung diseases with aberrant innate immune responses.