Cytokine networks in the infected lung

The generation of an innate immune response is essential for rapid clearance of microbes from the respiratory tract, whereas acquired immunity is required for the generation of cellular immunity necessary for the killing of certain intracellular pathogens and the development of immunological memory. Cytokines play an integral role in host defense by serving as leukocyte chemoattractants, leukocyte-activating factors or afferent signals in the induction or regulation of other effector molecules. This review assesses the contribution of cytokine networks to the generation of antimicrobial host defenses in the lung, with an emphasis on cytokines/cytokine networks that are instrumental in innate antibacterial responses, including mucosal immunity, and also introduces networks that instruct the development of adaptive immunity.