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Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivities

Hypersensitivity, also known as a hypersensitivity reaction or allergic reaction, is a condition where the body's immune system reacts abnormally to a foreign substance. Such substances, that cause hypersensitivity are referred to as an allergen, could be something typically harmless to most people, like pollen or certain foods.
Types of Hypersensitivities
Hypersensitivity reactions are categorized into four types: Type 1, Type 2, Type 3, and Type 4. Each type has a distinct mechanism...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Delayed Hypersensitivity Reactions

Delayed-Type Hypersensitivity (DTH), or Type IV hypersensitivity, is a cell-mediated immune response. It occurs when T cells, rather than antibodies, mediate a reaction to specific antigens. It is characterized by a delayed onset (1-2 days) and involves the recruitment of macrophages to the inflammation site.The initiation of a DTH response begins with the sensitization of T cells. During this phase, which lasts at least 1-2 weeks, antigen-specific T cells are activated, clonally expanded, and...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Immune-Complex Reactions

Type III hypersensitivity reactions occur when antigen–antibody complexes form and activate the complement system. Normally, these complexes help the clearance of antigens by phagocytes and red blood cells. However, when large numbers of immune complexes are present, they can deposit in tissues—particularly in the walls of blood vessels—leading to inflammation and tissue injury. These deposits trigger complement activation and neutrophil recruitment, resulting in serum sickness, a systemic...

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug Toxicity: Allergic Reactions

Drug-related allergies are immune-mediated responses triggered by the administration of pharmacological agents. These hypersensitivity reactions are classified based on the immune mechanisms involved. The four primary types—Type I, II, III, and IV—are mediated by different immunological pathways and exhibit distinct clinical manifestations.Type I Hypersensitivity/ IgE-Mediated Reactions: Immunoglobulin E (IgE) immediately mediates Type I hypersensitivity reactions. Upon initial exposure to a...

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic Drug Reactions

Allergic reactions related to drugs are hypersensitivity responses driven by the immune system and bear no connection to the drug's therapeutic action. While drugs in isolation do not trigger an immune response, they can interact with endogenous proteins to form antigens. These antigens stimulate lymphocytes to produce antibodies. IgE-type antibodies attach themselves to mast cells. Upon subsequent exposure to the same stimulus, the antigen-antibody interaction is initiated, unleashing numerous...

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Hypersensitivity Reactions: Cytolytic Reactions

Type II hypersensitivity involves IgG and IgM antibodies targeting cell surface antigens, leading to cell destruction. This can occur through complement activation, antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC), or acting as opsonins for phagocytosis. When excessive, these reactions cause significant tissue damage.Drug-induced hemolytic anemia is a common example, where drugs like penicillin or cephalosporins bind to red blood cells, forming drug-protein complexes. These complexes...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Published on: September 16, 2011

Ibuprofen-induced hypersensitivity syndrome.

Radu M Nanau¹, Manuela G Neuman

¹Department of In Vitro Drug Safety and Biotechnology and the Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Translational Research : the Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine

|May 19, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Ibuprofen, a common pain reliever, can cause unpredictable hypersensitivity reactions (HSR) in susceptible individuals. Careful clinical and laboratory monitoring is essential when prescribing this nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID).

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Basophil Activation Test for Investigation of IgE-Mediated Mechanisms in Drug Hypersensitivity

Published on: September 16, 2011

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Synthesis of a Borylated Ibuprofen Derivative Through Suzuki Cross-Coupling and Alkene Boracarboxylation Reactions

Published on: November 30, 2022

Area of Science:

Pharmacology
Immunology
Rheumatology

Background:

Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), including ibuprofen, are frequently used for pain and inflammation.
The aging population is experiencing an increase in rheumatic conditions, leading to greater NSAID use.
Ibuprofen, while generally safe, can cause unpredictable, idiosyncratic Type B hypersensitivity reactions (HSR).

Purpose of the Study:

To review the clinical manifestations of ibuprofen-induced hypersensitivity syndrome.
To emphasize the importance of monitoring patients prescribed ibuprofen.
To highlight the need for clinical and laboratory investigations in managing potential HSR.

Main Methods:

Literature review on ibuprofen-induced hypersensitivity reactions.
Analysis of immune-mediated mechanisms involving T-cells, cytokines, and chemokines.
Discussion of clinical and laboratory monitoring strategies.

Main Results:

Hypersensitivity syndrome is a host-dependent, idiosyncratic reaction.
The reaction involves a triad of fever, rash, and internal organ involvement.
Metabolic and immunologic factors contribute to the development of HSR.

Conclusions:

Ibuprofen-induced hypersensitivity syndrome presents a significant clinical concern.
Susceptible individuals may develop systemic HSR following ibuprofen initiation.
Prudent clinical and laboratory monitoring is crucial for patient safety when prescribing ibuprofen.