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Related Concept Videos

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology01:19

Cushing Syndrome II: Pathophysiology

Cortisol production is normally governed by the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis, which maintains hormonal balance through tightly regulated feedback mechanisms. Disruption of this regulatory system is central to the development of Cushing syndrome, whether the excess cortisol originates from external medications or internal pathology. Persistent cortisol elevation alters metabolism, immune function, and endocrine signaling, producing the characteristic clinical features of the...
Parkinson's Disease: Overview01:15

Parkinson's Disease: Overview

Neurodegenerative disorders are progressive diseases that cause irreversible damage and loss to neurons in specific brain areas. Examples of these disorders include Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), and Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS). These disorders share characteristics such as proteinopathies, selective neuronal vulnerability, and a complex interplay between genetic and environmental factors. The primary therapeutic goal for these conditions is to...
Neural Regulation01:37

Neural Regulation

Digestion begins with a cephalic phase that prepares the digestive system to receive food. When our brain processes visual or olfactory information about food, it triggers impulses in the cranial nerves innervating the salivary glands and stomach to prepare for food.
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists01:28

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Neurokinin-1 Receptor Antagonists

Neurokinin 1 (NK1) receptors are distributed across the GI tract, vagal afferents, and key CNS regions including the central vomiting center and chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) Chemotherapy agents stimulate enterochromaffin cells in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract to release large amounts of substance P (SP). SP is a neuropeptide released by specific sensory nerves in response to many different stressors, including those in the GI mucosa affected by chemotherapy.  SP binds and activates these...
Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists01:29

Chemotherapy-Induced Nausea and Vomiting: Dopamine Receptor Antagonists

Dopamine receptor antagonists, also known as antipsychotic agents, are critical in managing chemotherapy-induced vomiting. These antiemetic agents block dopamine receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ), inhibiting signal transmission to the vomiting center. Antipsychotic agents encompass phenothiazines (PTZ), butyrophenones, benzamides, and thienobenzodiazepines (Zyprexa), which are utilized for their antiemetic and sedative properties.
Phenothiazines, such as prochlorperazine...
Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction01:26

Cushing Syndrome I: Introduction

Cushing syndrome refers to the collection of clinical manifestations that arise when tissues are exposed to excessive amounts of cortisol or cortisol-like medications over an extended period. Cortisol, a glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex, regulates metabolism, immune responses, and the body’s adaptation to stress. When its concentration remains chronically elevated, these physiological pathways become dysregulated, resulting in the characteristic features of the syndrome.Exogenous...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice
05:39

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2024

Update on paraneoplastic neurologic disorders.

Myrna R Rosenfeld1, Josep Dalmau

  • 1Division of Neuro-oncology, University of Pennsylvania, 3400 Spruce Street, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.

The Oncologist
|May 19, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PNDs) are often overlooked causes of neurological symptoms in cancer patients. Early consideration of PNDs in diagnosis is crucial as treatments can be effective.

Area of Science:

  • Neurology
  • Oncology
  • Neuro-oncology

Background:

  • Cancer patients frequently develop neurological symptoms.
  • Common causes include metastasis, infection, coagulopathy, metabolic issues, and treatment neurotoxicity.
  • When these are ruled out, paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PNDs) are considered.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To highlight the importance of considering PNDs in the differential diagnosis of neurological symptoms in cancer patients.
  • To emphasize that PNDs are more common than previously thought.
  • To advocate for earlier inclusion of PNDs in diagnostic evaluations.

Main Methods:

  • Review of clinical presentation and diagnostic approaches for neurological symptoms in cancer.
  • Discussion of the differential diagnosis, emphasizing PNDs.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice
05:39

Surgical Transplantation of Tumor Cells into the Spinal Cord of Mice

Published on: December 27, 2024

  • Consideration of diagnostic tests and treatment implications for PNDs.

    • Main Results:

    • Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PNDs) are an under-recognized cause of neurological symptoms in cancer patients.
    • Diagnostic tests for PNDs are increasingly available.
    • Effective treatments exist for certain PNDs.

    Conclusions:

    • PNDs should be considered earlier in the differential diagnosis of cancer patients with neurological symptoms.
    • The perception of PNDs as rare "diagnostic zebras" is outdated.
    • Timely diagnosis and treatment of PNDs can improve patient outcomes.