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Related Concept Videos

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology01:26

Encephalitis ll: Pathophysiology

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma caused by direct viral invasion or immune-mediated mechanisms triggered by infections or tumors. Both processes lead to neuronal injury, disrupted neurotransmission, and diverse neurological symptoms, often with overlapping clinical and pathological features.Autoimmune EncephalitisIn autoimmune encephalitis, antibodies target neuronal antigens on cell surfaces, synapses, or within neurons. A key example is anti-NMDAR encephalitis, which can...
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Encephalitis l: Introduction

Encephalitis is inflammation of the brain parenchyma, most often due to infections or autoimmune processes. It presents with neuropsychiatric features such as fever, altered mental status, behavioral changes, cognitive dysfunction, seizures, focal deficits, and sometimes autonomic instability. In some cases, the meninges are also involved, resulting in meningoencephalitis.Infectious CausesInfectious encephalitis is most commonly viral but can also result from bacterial, fungal, or parasitic...
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Multiple sclerosis is a chronic autoimmune disease of the central nervous system (CNS) that affects the brain, spinal cord, and optic nerves. It is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder and a leading cause of neurological disability in young adults.EpidemiologyMS commonly begins between 20 and 40 years of age and is twice as common in women. Its exact cause remains unclear, but genetic susceptibility contributes, with higher risk in first-degree relatives and identical twins. A greater...
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Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
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Arboviral Encephalitis

Arboviral encephalitis refers to brain inflammation caused by arthropod-borne viruses, particularly those transmitted through mosquito vectors. Among these, West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flaviviridae family, is a significant public health concern. WNV is an enveloped, positive-sense, single-stranded RNA virus. Human infection typically begins when an infected mosquito introduces the virus into the dermis during feeding. The primary transmission cycle involves birds as amplifying hosts...
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Parkinson disease (PD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder primarily affecting movement, with additional non-motor features. Its pathophysiology involves complex interactions among genetic susceptibility, environmental exposures, and cellular dysfunction, including dopaminergic neuron loss, protein aggregation, and mitochondrial impairment.Selective NeurodegenerationA key feature is the degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta, leading to reduced...

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Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis
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Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy: what's new?

Daniele Focosi1, Tuccori Marco, Richard Eric Kast

  • 1Department of Oncology, Transplants and Advances in Medicine, Division of Hematology, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy. dfocosi@tin.it

The Neuroscientist : a Review Journal Bringing Neurobiology, Neurology and Psychiatry
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PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe brain disease caused by JC virus. New treatments show promise for this condition, which has a historically poor prognosis.

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a severe demyelinating disease caused by the human JC polyomavirus.
  • PML emerged as a major complication of HIV infection in the 1980s and has a historically dismal prognosis.
  • Recent associations between immunosuppressive therapeutic antibodies and increased PML incidence highlight the need for better understanding and treatment.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the pathogenesis of Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML).
  • To discuss the role of JC virus and its interaction with glial cells.
  • To highlight recent advances and case reports on novel treatments for PML.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of PML pathogenesis.
  • Analysis of JC virus replication mechanisms.
  • Review of clinical case reports on novel therapeutic interventions.

Main Results:

  • JC virus reactivation causes PML, with 5-HT(2a) receptors identified as critical for glial cell infection.
  • Established treatments for PML have shown discouraging results.
  • Novel therapeutic approaches are emerging, with encouraging case reports.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding PML pathogenesis is crucial for developing effective treatments.
  • Novel treatments targeting viral replication or host receptors show potential.
  • Further research and clinical trials are needed to improve PML outcomes.