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Pleura of the Lungs

Pleura of the Lungs

The lungs are nestled in a cavity, shielded by the pleura. The pleura, a form of serous membrane, wraps around each lung. This membrane arrangement consists of two layers: the visceral and parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura lines the surface of the lungIn contrast, the parietal pleura is the outer layer and contacts to the thoracic wall, the mediastinum, and the diaphragm. The hilum is the point of connection between the visceral and parietal layers. The space between the parietal and...

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease II: Emphysema

Emphysema, a major phenotype of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), is characterized by irreversible destruction of alveolar walls and permanent enlargement of distal airspaces. Unlike chronic bronchitis, which primarily affects the airways, emphysema predominantly involves the lung parenchyma, where structural damage leads to airflow limitation.PathophysiologyIt most commonly results from prolonged exposure to cigarette smoke and other toxic gases, particularly cigarette smoke.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD is defined as a heterogeneous lung condition marked by persistent respiratory symptoms such as dyspnea, cough, and sputum production, caused by abnormalities in the airways that cause airflow obstruction.
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Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an infection of the lower respiratory tract that leads to inflammation of the lung parenchyma, often resulting in the accumulation of inflammatory exudate in the alveoli and airways. Unlike the watery, low-protein fluid exudate in pulmonary edema, the exudate in this case is a thick fluid rich in immune cells, proteins, and debris produced during infection and inflammation.This impairs gas exchange and can lead to consolidation of lung tissue. The infection may be caused by a...

Pneumonia I: Introduction

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Pneumonia is an acute respiratory infection that targets the lungs, specifically the alveoli. These tiny air sacs, essential for oxygen exchange, become engorged with pus and fluid, severely hindering breathing, decreasing oxygen absorption, and causing significant pain and discomfort during respiration.
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A pneumothorax is a condition where air builds up in the space between the lung and the chest wall, causing the lung to collapse. This condition arises when air enters the space between the parietal and visceral pleura, disrupting the negative pressure essential for lung inflation. This can lead to a partial or complete collapse of the lung.
Pneumothorax can be even further classified as spontaneous, traumatic, and tension pneumothorax.

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth

Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth

Published on: December 17, 2014

PEComa of the lung.

R Vijayabhaskar¹, Sanket S Mehta, Kedar K Deodhar

¹Department of Surgical Oncology, Tata Memorial Hospital, Mumbai, India.

Journal of Cancer Research and Therapeutics

|May 19, 2010

Summary

A rare benign lung tumor, perivascular epithelioid cell tumor (PEComa), also known as clear cell sugar tumor, was identified in a 15-year-old boy. Imaging showed mild uptake, highlighting the need for further investigation into this uncommon condition.

Area of Science:

Oncology
Pathology

Background:

Perivascular epithelioid cell tumors (PEComas) are rare neoplasms originating from perivascular epithelioid cells (PECs).
Clear cell sugar tumor of the lung is an uncommon benign lung lesion.
PEComas can occur in various organs, with pulmonary involvement being infrequent.

Observation:

A case report of a 15-year-old male presenting with a right lower lobe lung lesion is detailed.
Diagnostic imaging included an [18F]-fluoro-2-deoxy-D-glucose (FDG)-positron emission tomography (PET) scan.
The PET scan revealed minimal FDG uptake (SUV<1) in the lung lesion, with no other active disease detected.

Findings:

The right lower lobe lesion was diagnosed as a clear cell tumor of the lung, a type of PEComa.
The tumor exhibited specific clinical, radiological, and immunohistochemical characteristics.

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Last Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Mouse Pneumonectomy Model of Compensatory Lung Growth

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Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Point-of-Care Lung Ultrasound in Adults: Image Acquisition

Published on: March 3, 2023

Comparison with existing literature on pulmonary clear cell sugar tumors was performed.

Implications:

This case contributes to understanding the presentation of PEComas in the pediatric population.
The findings emphasize the importance of considering rare diagnoses in lung lesions, even with low FDG uptake on PET scans.
Further research into the specific features and behavior of pulmonary PEComas is warranted.