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Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy: Lab

For AAS measurements, samples must be introduced as clear solutions, often requiring extensive preliminary treatment to dissolve materials like soils, animal tissues, and minerals. Common methods for sample preparation include treatment with hot mineral acids, wet ashing, combustion in closed containers, high-temperature ashing, or fusion with reagents.
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High-Resolution Mass Spectrometry (HRMS)

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The resolution of a mass spectrometer depends on the efficiency of separating ions with different ion masses. The mass of an atom is approximated to the sum of the masses of protons and neutrons inside, considering the masses of protons and neutrons as equal. However, the masses of the proton (1.6726 × 10−24 g) and neutron (1.6749 × 10−24 g) are not truly equal. There is a minor error in the expression of atomic masses relative to the simplest atom of hydrogen. For example, the mass of helium...

Mass Analyzers: Overview

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The mass analyzer is a crucial component of the mass spectrometer. In the ionization chamber, the vaporized sample is bombarded with a high-energy electron beam to generate a radical cation and further fragment into neutral molecules, radicals, and cations. A series of negatively charged accelerator plates accelerate the cations into the mass analyzer. The mass analyzer separates ions according to their mass-to-charge (m/z) ratios and then directs them to the detector. The common types of mass...

Spectrophotometry: Introduction

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Atomic Spectroscopy: Absorption, Emission, and Fluorescence

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Atomic spectroscopy is a vital tool in elemental analysis, both qualitatively and quantitatively. It can be broadly divided into optical spectroscopy, mass spectroscopy, and X-ray spectroscopy methods. The optical spectroscopic methods are atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), atomic emission spectroscopy (AES), and atomic fluorescence spectroscopy (AFS). The first step in all three methods is atomization, where the solid, liquid, or solution-phase samples are converted into gas-phase atoms and...

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AES is a powerful analytical technique, especially effective when used with plasma sources, producing abundant spectra in characteristic emission lines. The Inductively Coupled Plasma (ICP), in particular, yields superior quantitative analytical data due to its high stability, low noise, low background, and minimal interferences under optimal experimental conditions. However, newer air-operated microwave sources are emerging as promising alternatives that could be more cost-effective than...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 13, 2026

Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy

Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy

Published on: December 1, 2023

Submillimeter spectroscopy for chemical analysis with absolute specificity.

Ivan R Medvedev¹, Christopher F Neese, Grant M Plummer

¹Department of Physics, Ohio State University, 191 W. Woodruff Avenue, Columbus, Ohio 43210, USA.

|May 19, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

A new sensor utilizes submillimeter wave rotational signatures for enhanced spectroscopy. This agile sensor offers high specificity and sensitivity, outperforming lower-frequency microwave systems for atmospheric analysis.

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Multimodal Nonlinear Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging Using Line-Scanning Vibrational Sum-Frequency Generation Microscopy

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Published on: June 18, 2014

Area of Science:

Spectroscopy
Sensor Technology
Atmospheric Science

Background:

Traditional microwave spectroscopy has limitations in sensitivity and coverage.
Submillimeter (SMM) frequencies offer stronger molecular absorptions and broader spectral ranges.
Existing sensor technologies lack the required frequency control and agility for advanced applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To describe a novel sensor based on rotational signatures in the SMM region.
To demonstrate the enhanced performance of SMM spectroscopy over microwave systems.
To highlight the potential for compact and cost-effective sensor development.

Main Methods:

Utilizing frequency synthesis techniques around 10 GHz.
Employing nonlinear diode frequency multiplication to achieve 210-270 GHz.
Leveraging rotational signatures for molecular identification and quantification.

Main Results:

Achieved a nearly ideal instrument function with enhanced frequency control and agility.
Demonstrated significantly stronger absorptions and broader spectroscopic coverage compared to microwave systems.
Sensor exhibits absolute specificity, low atmospheric clutter, and good sensitivity.

Conclusions:

The developed SMM sensor offers superior performance for spectroscopic analysis.
The sensor technology presents a viable path towards compact and inexpensive systems.
This advancement has significant implications for atmospheric monitoring and chemical sensing.