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Phase Diagrams

Phase Diagrams

A phase diagram combines plots of pressure versus temperature for the liquid-gas, solid-liquid, and solid-gas phase-transition equilibria of a substance. These diagrams indicate the physical states that exist under specific conditions of pressure and temperature and also provide the pressure dependence of the phase-transition temperatures (melting points, sublimation points, boiling points). Regions or areas labeled solid, liquid, and gas represent single phases, while lines or curves represent...

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

Excess Pressure Inside a Drop and a Bubble

The shape of a small drop of liquid can be considered spherical, neglecting the effect of gravity. This drop can further be considered as two equal hemispherical drops put together due to surface tension. The forces acting on the spherical drop are due to the pressure of the liquid inside the drop, the pressure due to air outside the drop, and the force due to the surface tension acting on the two hemispherical drops.

Phase Diagram

Phase Diagram

The phase of a given substance depends on the pressure and temperature. Thus, plots of pressure versus temperature showing the phase in each region provide considerable insights into the thermal properties of substances. Such plots are known as phase diagrams. For instance, in the phase diagram for water (Figure 1), the solid curve boundaries between the phases indicate phase transitions (i.e., temperatures and pressures at which the phases coexist).

pV-Diagrams

pV-Diagrams

The pV diagram, which is a graph of pressure versus volume of the gas under study, is helpful in describing certain aspects of the substance. When the substance behaves like an ideal gas, the ideal gas equation describes the relationship between its pressure and volume. On a pV diagram, it is common to plot an isotherm, which is a curve showing p as a function of V with the number of molecules and the temperature fixed. Then, for an ideal gas, the product of the pressure of the gas and its...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures

Published on: October 7, 2013

Glassy dynamics under superhigh pressure.

A A Pronin¹, M V Kondrin, A G Lyapin

¹General Physics Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vavilov Street 38, Moscow 119991, Russia.

Physical Review. E, Statistical, Nonlinear, and Soft Matter Physics

|May 21, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

High pressure reveals a hidden secondary relaxation in glycerol, a key to understanding glass physics. This discovery sheds light on the nature of beta relaxation and its impact on glass transition.

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$Synthesis and Microdiffraction at Extreme Pressures and Temperatures$

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$High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2$

High Pressure Single Crystal Diffraction at PX^2

Published on: January 16, 2017

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Condensed Matter Physics
Physical Chemistry

Background:

Glass-forming liquids exhibit alpha-relaxation and a mysterious secondary beta-relaxation.
Glycerol, a common glass-former, typically shows no pronounced secondary relaxation.
Understanding beta-relaxation is crucial for unraveling the physics of glasses.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the presence and nature of secondary relaxation in glycerol under high pressure.
To determine if pressure can induce observable beta relaxation in glycerol.
To explore the relationship between pressure, beta relaxation, and glass properties.

Main Methods:

Dielectric spectroscopy was employed to probe relaxation dynamics.
Experiments were conducted under superhigh pressures, reaching up to 6 GPa.
Analysis focused on dielectric loss spectra to identify relaxation peaks.

Main Results:

A significant secondary relaxation (beta relaxation) peak emerged in glycerol's dielectric loss at pressures above 3 GPa.
The observed beta relaxation was identified as Johari-Goldstein type.
Evidence suggests a smooth increase in glass-transition temperature and fragility with rising pressure.

Conclusions:

High pressure can induce and reveal secondary relaxation processes in liquids like glycerol.
The findings contribute to understanding the fundamental nature of beta relaxation in glass-forming systems.
Pressure-induced changes in glycerol highlight the interconnectedness of relaxation dynamics and glass properties.