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A Purification and In Vitro Activity Assay for a (p)ppGpp Synthetase from Clostridium difficile
Published on: November 3, 2018
ppGpp analogues inhibit synthetase activity of Rel proteins from Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria
Ezequiel Wexselblatt1, Jehoshua Katzhendler, Raspudin Saleem-Batcha
1The Institute for Drug Research, School of Pharmacy, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 91120, Israel.
Abstract:
A prominent feature of the stringent response is the accumulation of two unusual phosphorylated derivatives of GTP and GDP (pppGpp: 5'-triphosphate-3'-diphosphate, and ppGpp: 5'-3'-bis-diphosphate), collectively called (p)ppGpp, within a few seconds after the onset of amino-acid starvation. The synthesis of these 'alarmone' compounds is catalyzed by RelA homologues. Other features of the stringent response include inhibition of stable RNA synthesis and modulation of transcription, replication, and translation. (p)ppGpp accumulation is important for virulence induction, differentiation and antibiotic resistance. We have synthesized a group of (p)ppGpp analogues and tested them as competitive inhibitors of Rel proteins in vitro. 2'-Deoxyguanosine-3'-5'-di(methylene bisphosphonate) [compound (10)] was found as an inhibitor that reduces ppGpp formation in both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. In silico docking together with competitive inhibition analysis suggests that compound (10) inhibits activity of Rel proteins by competing with GTP/GDP for its binding site. As Rel proteins are completely absent in mammalians, this appears to be a very attractive approach for the development of novel antibacterial agents.
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