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Bone Remodeling

Bone Remodeling

Bone remodeling is a continuous and balanced process of bone resorption by osteoclasts and bone formation by osteoblasts. In adults, it helps maintain bone mass and calcium homeostasis. While mechanical stress can stimulate turnover as part of the normal maintenance and reparative process, several hormones also regulate bone remodeling.

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Osteoclasts are cells responsible for bone resorption and remodeling. They originate from hematopoietic progenitor cells present in the bone marrow. Numerous progenitor cells fuse to form multinucleated cells, each with 10-20 nuclei. A single osteoclast has a diameter of 150 to 200 µM. These cells have ruffled borders that break down the underlying bone tissue and release minerals such as calcium into the blood in bone resorption. Osteoclasts cling to bones with their ruffled edges during bone...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

Published on: August 4, 2020

Mandible reconstruction.

Brett A Miles¹, David P Goldstein, Ralph W Gilbert

¹Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, University Health Network Toronto General Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Current Opinion in Otolaryngology & Head and Neck Surgery

|May 21, 2010

Summary

This summary is machine-generated.

Microvascular reconstruction is the current standard for complex mandibular defects. Tissue engineering shows future promise for improving outcomes and reducing patient morbidity in mandibular reconstruction.

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A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

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Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

3D Planning and Printing of Patient Specific Implants for Reconstruction of Bony Defects

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Published on: August 4, 2020

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

A Postoperative Evaluation Guideline for Computer-Assisted Reconstruction of the Mandible

Published on: January 28, 2020

Area of Science:

Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Regenerative Medicine
Biomaterials Science

Background:

Mandibular defects often result from cancer resection or trauma.
Current treatments focus on restoring form and function.
Limitations exist in existing reconstructive methods.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current microvascular mandibular reconstruction techniques.
To examine recent advances in tissue engineering for mandibular reconstruction.

Main Methods:

Literature review of microvascular reconstruction techniques.
Analysis of current research in tissue engineering applications.
Synthesis of findings on clinical applicability and future potential.

Main Results:

Microvascular reconstruction remains the gold standard for major head and neck defects.
Modifications in microvascular techniques enhance reconstruction quality.
Tissue engineering is not yet widely clinically applicable but shows future promise.

Conclusions:

Microvascular reconstruction is a significant advancement in current mandibular surgery.
Tissue engineering holds potential to improve outcomes and reduce patient morbidity.
Further research is needed to establish the utility and feasibility of tissue engineering.