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The Parathyroid Glands00:59

The Parathyroid Glands

The two pairs of parathyroid glands embedded within the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are restricted by a dense capsule around them. These glands comprise two distinct cell populations—parathyroid oxyphil and parathyroid principal cells- pivotal in calcium homeostasis.
Oxyphil cells, whose functions remain elusive, emerge during late puberty, adding a layer of complexity to the parathyroid gland's intricacies. In contrast, principal parathyroid cells undertake a vital role by producing...
Hormones and Bone Tissue01:17

Hormones and Bone Tissue

The endocrine system produces and secretes hormones, which interact with the skeletal system. These hormones control bone growth, maintain bone once it is formed, and remodel it.
Hormones That Influence Osteoblasts and/or Maintain the Matrix
Several hormones are necessary for controlling bone growth and maintaining the bone matrix. The pituitary gland secretes growth hormone (GH), which, as its name implies, controls bone growth. This happens in several ways: first, it triggers chondrocyte...
Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis01:21

Skeleton and Calcium Homeostasis

Calcium is not only the most abundant mineral in bone but also the most abundant mineral in the human body. Calcium ions are needed for bone mineralization, tooth health, heart rate regulation and strength of contraction, blood coagulation, the contraction of smooth and skeletal muscle cells, and the regulation of nerve impulse conduction. The average calcium level in the blood is about 10 mg/dL. When the body cannot maintain this level, a person will experience hypo or hypercalcemia.
Structures of the Endocrine System00:59

Structures of the Endocrine System

The intricate framework of the endocrine system encompasses a diverse array of glands, with their target tissues and organs strategically distributed throughout the body. Central to this network are the endocrine glands, specialized structures that lack ducts and release hormones directly into the interstitial fluid. Notably, the hypothalamus, a vital neuroendocrine organ situated in the brain, governs neural functions and serves as a potent source of hormonal regulation. Near the hypothalamus...
The Thyroid Gland01:23

The Thyroid Gland

The thyroid gland is a small, butterfly-shaped gland located in the neck and covers the anterior surface of the trachea. The gland has two lateral lobes connected by a thin tissue mass called the isthmus. Internally, each lobe comprises many small spherical structures known as thyroid follicles, surrounded by a network of blood vessels.
The follicles have a central cavity lined by simple cuboidal to squamous epithelial cells called follicular cells. These cells produce the glycoprotein...
Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin00:51

Synthesis and Functions of Calcitonin

Calcitonin, a vital polypeptide hormone, regulates calcium levels within body fluids. It is released by the parafollicular cells, also known as C cells, situated in the follicular epithelium of the thyroid gland. Calcitonin responds to fluctuations in blood calcium levels and the influence of gastrointestinal hormones like gastrin and cholecystokinin.
The exact mechanisms by which calcitonin operates in calcium homeostasis remain elusive, but its significance is evident in several vital...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

The parathyroids and the gut.

Ellen C Ebert1

  • 1Department of Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA. jeydels@yahoo.com

Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology
|May 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Parathyroid diseases impact the gut, causing steatorrhea in hypoparathyroidism and constipation, peptic ulcers, and pancreatitis in hyperparathyroidism. Treatment of parathyroid conditions can improve these gastrointestinal symptoms.

Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Gastroenterology
  • Internal Medicine

Background:

  • Parathyroid hormone regulates calcium physiology.
  • Parathyroid diseases include hypoparathyroidism (idiopathic, hereditary, postsurgical) and hyperparathyroidism (adenomas, hyperplasia).
  • Gastrointestinal manifestations are linked to altered calcium levels and parathyroid function.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the gastrointestinal manifestations associated with parathyroid diseases.
  • To explore the relationship between hypoparathyroidism and steatorrhea.
  • To examine the links between hyperparathyroidism and constipation, peptic ulcer disease, and pancreatitis.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of gastrointestinal effects of parathyroid hormone dysregulation.

More Related Videos

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
07:13

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

Published on: March 14, 2017

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy
03:57

Generation of Hypoparathyroid Rats via Carbon-Nanoparticle-Assisted Parathyroidectomy

Published on: July 14, 2023

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation
07:13

Two Techniques to Create Hypoparathyroid Mice: Parathyroidectomy Using GFP Glands and Diphtheria-Toxin-Mediated Parathyroid Ablation

Published on: March 14, 2017

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging
07:12

Establishment of a Simple and Effective Rat Model for Intraoperative Parathyroid Gland Imaging

Published on: August 17, 2022

  • Analysis of reported associations between hypoparathyroidism and steatorrhea.
  • Examination of hyperparathyroidism's impact on constipation, peptic ulcer disease, and pancreatitis incidence.
  • Discussion of potential mechanisms and treatment implications.

    • Main Results:

    • Hypoparathyroidism is associated with steatorrhea, potentially improving with medium-chain triglycerides, vitamin D, or parathyroid correction.
    • Hyperparathyroidism can cause constipation due to hypercalcemia's effect on neuromuscular excitability.
    • While historically linked to peptic ulcer disease (PUD), the association is less clear today due to early hyperparathyroidism detection and reduced PUD prevalence.
    • Pancreatitis incidence in primary hyperparathyroidism ranges from 1.5% to 12%, possibly due to hypercalcemia, with some cases improving post-parathyroidectomy.

    Conclusions:

    • Parathyroid diseases exert distinct gastrointestinal effects: steatorrhea in hypoparathyroidism, and constipation, PUD, and pancreatitis in hyperparathyroidism.
    • Gastrointestinal symptoms may resolve or improve following treatment of the underlying parathyroid condition or parathyroidectomy.
    • Understanding these associations is crucial for comprehensive patient management.