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Related Concept Videos

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy01:29

Endoscopic Procedures I: Esophagogastroduodenoscopy

An Esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) is a diagnostic procedure in which an endoscopist uses a flexible, lighted endoscope to visualize the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. The procedure includes visualizing the oropharynx, esophagus, stomach, and the first part of the small intestine, the duodenum.
During an EGD, the endoscope can be used to:
Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy01:26

Endoscopic Procedures IV: Sigmoidoscopy and Laproscopy

Sigmoidoscopy and laparoscopy are distinct medical procedures that enable physicians to internally inspect different parts of the GI tract. Although they serve different purposes, each is essential for diagnosing and, in some cases, treating various medical conditions.
Sigmoidoscopy
Sigmoidoscopy is a diagnostic procedure that uses a flexible sigmoidoscope equipped with a light source and camera to examine the rectum and sigmoid colon. The procedure involves inserting the tube through the anus...
Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy01:25

Endoscopic Procedures II: Colonoscopy

The colon, or large intestine, is the final segment of the digestive system. Its primary functions include absorbing water and vitamins produced by gut bacteria and transforming waste from liquid to solid to form stool. In adults, the large intestine is approximately 5 feet long and consists of four main sections:
Stages of General Anesthesia01:22

Stages of General Anesthesia

Various sedation levels offer significant advantages in facilitating procedural interventions for patients undergoing medical or invasive surgical procedures. These levels span from anxiolysis to general anesthesia, providing a spectrum of sedative effects to cater to specific patient needs. Anxiolysis reduces anxiety and is achieved through minimal sedation, enabling patients to remain awake and responsive while feeling more at ease during the procedure. This level can benefit minor...
Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview01:24

Parenteral Anesthetics: Overview

Intravenous anesthetics are drugs administered parenterally to induce anesthesia or sedation. Propofol is a widely used agent formulated as a 1% emulsion in soybean oil, glycerol, and egg phosphatide. It induces rapid anesthesia primarily due to its rapid distribution from the bloodstream to target tissues and is metabolized in the liver. However, it can cause significant pain on injection and hypertriglyceridemia. Fospropofol, a water-based prodrug of propofol, lacks these adverse effects.
Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines01:19

Sedatives and Hypnotics Drugs: Benzodiazepines

Benzodiazepines have both sedative and hypnotic properties. They include compounds such as diazepam (Valium) and alprazolam (Xanax). Structurally, their cores are similar, consisting of the fusion of a benzene ring and a diazepine ring, but they share a common mechanism of action in the central nervous system (CNS).
Benzodiazepines work by enhancing the effects of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA. They bind to the GABAA receptor, increasing its affinity for GABA, which opens chloride...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

The Flexible Rhino-Laryngoscope for Awake Nasotracheal Intubation
03:58

The Flexible Rhino-Laryngoscope for Awake Nasotracheal Intubation

Published on: August 2, 2024

Endoscopic sedation in developing and developed countries.

Ariel A Benson1, Lawrence B Cohen, Jerome D Waye

  • 1Digestive Disease Research Foundation, New York, USA.

Gut and Liver
|May 21, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Most endoscopic procedures worldwide use sedation. Practices for endoscopic sedation, including benzodiazepine-opioid combinations and propofol, are similar in developing and developed countries, with no significant differences observed.

Keywords:
EndoscopySedationSurvey

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

The Flexible Rhino-Laryngoscope for Awake Nasotracheal Intubation
03:58

The Flexible Rhino-Laryngoscope for Awake Nasotracheal Intubation

Published on: August 2, 2024

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Endoscopy
  • Sedation Pharmacology

Background:

  • Limited data exists on endoscopic sedation practices globally, especially in developing nations.
  • Understanding international variations in sedation is crucial for standardizing patient care.
  • An internet survey was employed to gather insights into sedation methods used worldwide.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate and compare endoscopic sedation practices in developing versus developed countries.
  • To identify the most prevalent sedation methods for common endoscopic procedures.
  • To assess global trends in the use of sedation for gastrointestinal endoscopy.

Main Methods:

  • A web-based survey was distributed to 165 expert endoscopists across 81 countries.
  • Data from 84 endoscopists in 46 countries (32 developing, 52 developed) were analyzed.
  • The most common sedation method was defined as the one used for over 50% of procedures within a country.

Main Results:

  • Benzodiazepine and opioid combinations were most common for esophagogastroduodenoscopy (EGD) in 40% and colonoscopy in 56% of countries.
  • Propofol was the primary method in 8% (EGD) and 18% (colonoscopy) of countries; unsedated endoscopy was used in 19% (EGD) and 10% (colonoscopy).
  • No significant differences were found between developing and developed countries regarding the use of specific sedation methods.

Conclusions:

  • Sedation is widely utilized for endoscopic procedures globally.
  • Endoscopic sedation practices show remarkable consistency between developing and developed nations.
  • Current international data suggests a global convergence in sedation strategies for endoscopy.