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Related Concept Videos

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction01:14

Increased Intracranial Pressure l: Introduction

Intracranial hypertension is a sustained elevation of intracranial pressure (ICP) above 22 mm Hg. In supine adults, normal ICP is ~7–15 mm Hg.The rigid, nonexpandable cranium contains three components—brain tissue, blood, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)—that total ~1,700 mL in a typical adult: 1,400 mL brain (~80%), 150 mL blood (~10%), and 150 mL CSF (~10%). According to the Monro–Kellie doctrine, total intracranial volume is effectively fixed. When one component expands, CSF and venous blood...
Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Increased Intracranial Pressure ll: Pathophysiology

Increased intracranial pressure (ICP) refers to a potentially life-threatening rise in pressure inside the skull. This usually happens when there is a major change in the volume of brain tissue, blood, or cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) — the three components inside the skull. According to the Monro-Kellie doctrine, if the volume of one component increases, the volumes of the other components must decrease to maintain normal pressure. If this does not happen, ICP rises.The process often begins with...
Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology01:22

Cerebral Edema ll: Pathophysiology

Vasogenic edema is a major form of cerebral edema characterized by abnormal accumulation of fluid in the brain’s extracellular space due to disruption of the blood–brain barrier (BBB). The BBB is a specialized structure composed of endothelial cells connected by tight junctions, supported by astrocytic endfeet and a basement membrane. Under normal conditions, it tightly regulates the movement of ions, proteins, and solutes between the bloodstream and brain parenchyma. When this barrier loses...
Cerebral Edema l: Introduction01:19

Cerebral Edema l: Introduction

Cerebral edema is a pathological increase in brain water content that disrupts intracranial pressure regulation and impairs neurological function. Because the cranial vault is rigid, even modest increases in tissue volume can compromise cerebral perfusion, distort neural structures, and initiate secondary injury. Cerebral edema develops through four principal mechanisms: vasogenic, cytotoxic, interstitial, and ionic.Vasogenic EdemaVasogenic edema arises from disruption of the blood–brain...
Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology01:29

Hemorrhagic Stroke ll: Pathophysiology

A hemorrhagic stroke develops when a cerebral blood vessel ruptures, allowing blood to escape into the surrounding brain tissue, as in intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH), or into the subarachnoid space, as in subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Because the skull is a rigid compartment, the sudden presence of extravascular blood rapidly increases intracranial pressure and compresses adjacent neural structures, leading to immediate tissue injury and impaired cerebral perfusion.Mass Effect and Primary...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats
04:12

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats

Published on: March 28, 2025

Interhemispheric hygroma after decompressive craniectomy: does it predict posttraumatic hydrocephalus?

Ariel Kaen1, Luis Jimenez-Roldan, Rafael Alday

  • 1Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío, Seville, Spain. kaenariel@hotmail.com

Journal of Neurosurgery
|May 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Posttraumatic hydrocephalus occurred in 27.4% of severe head injury patients after decompressive craniectomy. Interhemispheric hygromas are a strong predictor of hydrocephalus development, appearing before diagnosis.

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats
04:12

Modeling Posthemorrhagic Hydrocephalus of Prematurity in Rats

Published on: March 28, 2025

Area of Science:

  • Neurosurgery
  • Traumatic Brain Injury Research
  • Neuroradiology

Background:

  • Decompressive craniectomy (DC) is a critical intervention for severe head injuries.
  • Posttraumatic hydrocephalus (PTH) is a significant complication following traumatic brain injury (TBI).
  • Understanding predictors of PTH is crucial for patient management.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To determine the incidence of PTH in patients undergoing DC.
  • To identify clinical and radiological factors associated with PTH development.
  • To investigate subdural hygromas as potential indicators of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) circulation distortion.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective analysis of 73 patients with severe head injury requiring DC.
  • Defined PTH using modified frontal horn index (>33%) and Gudeman CT criteria.
  • Diagnosed and classified hygromas based on subdural fluid collection and craniectomy location.

Main Results:

  • PTH was diagnosed in 27.4% of patients.
  • Interhemispheric hygromas (IHHs) were the sole independent predictor of PTH (p<0.0001).
  • IHHs preceded PTH diagnosis in all cases, with 94% sensitivity and 96% specificity for prediction.

Conclusions:

  • PTH incidence is significant in severe TBI patients treated with DC.
  • IHHs are a reliable radiological marker for predicting PTH development within 6 months post-DC.
  • Early identification of IHHs can aid in anticipating and managing PTH.