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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

In Vitro Assay to Evaluate the Impact of Immunoregulatory Pathways on HIV-specific CD4 T Cell Effector Function
Published on: October 15, 2013
PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and T-cell exhaustion in chronic hepatitis virus infection
T Watanabe1, A Bertoletti, T A Tanoto
1Viral Hepatitis Laboratory, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency of Science Technology and Research (A*Star), Singapore, Singapore.
Abstract:
Dysfunctional virus-specific T cells are a hallmark of many chronic viral infections. Recent studies have implicated the inhibitory PD-1/PD-L1 pathway with the functional impairment of T cells. In this respect, we will review the latest research on PD-1/PD-L1 pathway and T-cell exhaustion in the context of human chronic hepatitis B and C virus infections. We will also discuss the therapeutic potential of PD-1 blockade and how it may be enhanced through the modulation of other co-stimulatory/inhibitory pathways.
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