Calmodulin-binding proteins in brain

It is now widely accepted that actions of intracellular Ca(2+) are mediated by a four-domain Ca(2+)-binding protein, calmodulin. Brain is especially rich in calmodulin, containing about 400 mg (24 ?mol) of EGTA-extractable calmodulin per kg of brain. However, only a fraction of the above amount is required for the calmodulin-activated enzymes and most of the rest may be assigned to calmodulin-binding proteins, proteins which are apparently devoid of enzyme activities but undergo Ca(2+)-dependent associations with calmodulin. Several of such proteins have been recently discovered in brain. These include a heat-labile 80 K phosphodiesterase inhibitor protein (calcineurin), a heat-stable 70 K phosphodiesterase inhibitor protein, a 50 K protein, myelin basic protein, tubulin, microtubule ? (tau) factor, a spectrin-like doublet protein (240 plus 235 K) (calspectin; fodrin) and a particle-associated 155 K protein. Functions of these calmodulin-binding proteins have not been fully elucidated yet. Some proteins may be calmodulin-regulated enzymes catalyzing yet unknown biochemical reactions, e.g. a protein phosphatase activity was found for calcineurin. Some proteins may interact with contractile elements or cytoskeleton of the cell, e.g. ? factor and calspectin interacted with tubulin and F-actin, respectively and tubulin itself is a calmodulin-binding protein. So, interesting possibilities are the regulation of the functions of cytoskeleton by calmodulin through these calmodulin-binding proteins. Regulation of microtubule assembly by Ca(2+)-dependent binding of calmodulin to tubulin and/or ? factor and possible involvement of calspectin in the mechanism regulating axonal transport of neuronal proteins have been suggested. Thus, the exploration of the regulating functions of Ca(2+)/calmodulin in brain depends largely upon the further study of the properties of these calmodulin-binding proteins.