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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Isolation of Mouse Interstitial Valve Cells to Study the Calcification of the Aortic Valve In Vitro

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Published on: May 10, 2021

Elevated cyclic stretch induces aortic valve calcification in a bone morphogenic protein-dependent manner.

Kartik Balachandran¹, Philippe Sucosky, Hanjoong Jo

¹The Wallace H. Coulter School of Biomedical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, 313 Ferst Dr, Suite 1121, Atlanta, GA 30332-0535, USA.

The American Journal of Pathology

|May 22, 2010

Summary

Elevated mechanical stretch on aortic valves (AV) may cause calcification through bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs). Inhibiting BMPs with noggin reduced AV calcification, suggesting BMPs are key drivers in stretch-induced valve disease.

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Published on: February 4, 2021

Area of Science:

Cardiovascular Biology
Biomaterials Science
Mechanobiology

Background:

Calcified aortic valves (AV) show increased bone morphogenic proteins (BMPs) and transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1).
Elevated stretch on AV increases matrix remodeling enzymes and pro-inflammatory proteins.
The mechanism linking stretch to AV calcification remains unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate if elevated mechanical stretch induces AV calcification via a BMP-dependent pathway.
To elucidate the role of BMPs in the pathological process of AV calcification under mechanical stress.

Main Methods:

Porcine AV cusps were cultured in a stretch bioreactor (10% or 15% stretch).
Cusps were treated with osteogenic media, high phosphate, TGF-beta1, and varying concentrations of the BMP inhibitor noggin.
Calcification was assessed using Alizarin red and von Kossa staining; BMP expression and apoptosis were analyzed.

Main Results:

15% stretch significantly increased calcification compared to 10% stretch.
BMP-2, BMP-4, and Runx2 expression increased with stretch magnitude.
Noggin dose-dependently reduced tissue calcium content and alkaline phosphatase activity, and 15% stretch increased cellular apoptosis.

Conclusions:

Elevated mechanical stretch promotes AV calcification through a BMP-dependent mechanism.
BMPs play a critical role in stretch-induced AV calcification.
Targeting BMPs may offer a therapeutic strategy for preventing or treating AV calcification.