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Related Concept Videos

Electric Field of Parallel Conducting Plates01:16

Electric Field of Parallel Conducting Plates

Gauss' law relates the electric flux through a closed surface to the net charge enclosed by that surface. Gauss's law can be applied to find the electric field and the charge enclosed in a region depending on its charge distribution.
Consider a cross-section of a thin, infinite conducting plate having a positive charge. For such a large thin plate, as the thickness of the plate tends to zero, the positive charges lie on the plate's two large faces. Without an external electric field, the...
π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview01:27

π Electron Effects on Chemical Shift: Overview

An applied magnetic field causes loosely bound π-electrons in organic molecules to circulate, producing a local or induced diamagnetic field over a large spatial volume. As the molecules tumble in solution, the field generated by π-electrons in spherical substituents results in a zero net field. However, the net field generated by π-electrons in non-spherical substituents is not zero. The effect of this induced field depends on the orientation of the molecule with respect to B0, resulting in...
Plane Electromagnetic Waves I01:30

Plane Electromagnetic Waves I

The existence of combined electric and magnetic fields that propagate through space as electromagnetic (EM) waves is the most significant prediction of Maxwell's equations. As Maxwell's equations hold in free space, the predicted electromagnetic waves do not require a medium for their propagation. An EM wave comprises an electric field, defined as the force per charge on a stationary charge, and a magnetic field, which is the force per charge on a moving charge.
The EM field is assumed to be a...
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis. This...
Electric Field of a Non Uniformly Charged Sphere01:22

Electric Field of a Non Uniformly Charged Sphere

Gauss's law states that the electric flux through any closed surface equals the net charge enclosed within the surface. This law is beneficial for determining the expressions for the electric field for a particular charge distribution if the electric flux is known.
Consider a non-uniformly charged sphere, for which the density of charge depends only on the distance from a point in space and not on the direction. Such a sphere has a spherically symmetrical charge distribution. Here, the electric...
Electric Field of a Charged Disk01:23

Electric Field of a Charged Disk

The simplest case of a surface charge distribution is the uniformly charged disk. Calculating its electric field also helps us calculate the electric field of a large plane of charge.
The system's symmetry is in the cylindrical directions across the plane of the charge. As a result, the electric fields created by various surface charge elements nullify each other in the direction parallel to the surface. Thereby, the resulting electric field is perpendicular to the plane. Since the disk is...

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
14:11

Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

Published on: March 29, 2016

Quantization effects on the fields of electron-beam generated cylindrical zone plates.

C L Chen, T R Osborne

    Applied Optics
    |May 22, 2010
    PubMed
    Summary

    Quantization in digital graphic systems introduces errors in optical elements. This study analyzes how pattern quantization affects optical beam properties like main lobe width and sidelobe levels.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Digital Graphics
    • Holographic Optical Elements

    Background:

    • High-precision digital graphic systems are used for diffractive and computer-generated holographic optical elements.
    • These systems, despite submicron accuracy, suffer from pattern quantization drawbacks.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To investigate the impact of pattern quantization on optical beam characteristics.
    • To compare optical elements with quantized patterns against conventional refractive lenses.

    Main Methods:

    • Analysis of perfect cylindrical zone plates and those with quantized stripes.
    • Comparison of quantized patterns with conventional refractive cylindrical lenses.
    • Evaluation of effects on main lobe width, power, and sidelobe levels.

    More Related Videos

    A Machine-Vision Approach to Transmission Electron Microscopy Workflows, Results Analysis and Data Management
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    A Machine-Vision Approach to Transmission Electron Microscopy Workflows, Results Analysis and Data Management

    Published on: June 23, 2023

    Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars
    09:41

    Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

    Published on: July 5, 2016

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    Last Updated: Jun 12, 2026

    Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis
    14:11

    Quantification of Hydrogen Concentrations in Surface and Interface Layers and Bulk Materials through Depth Profiling with Nuclear Reaction Analysis

    Published on: March 29, 2016

    A Machine-Vision Approach to Transmission Electron Microscopy Workflows, Results Analysis and Data Management
    10:23

    A Machine-Vision Approach to Transmission Electron Microscopy Workflows, Results Analysis and Data Management

    Published on: June 23, 2023

    Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars
    09:41

    Blast Quantification Using Hopkinson Pressure Bars

    Published on: July 5, 2016

    Main Results:

    • Quantization effects on optical beam parameters were quantified.
    • Comparison revealed specific impacts on main lobe characteristics and sidelobe levels.
    • Results are presented using normalized parameters for general applicability.

    Conclusions:

    • Pattern quantization in digital graphic systems significantly influences the performance of optical elements.
    • Understanding these effects is crucial for designing accurate diffractive and holographic optical elements.
    • The findings provide a general framework for analyzing quantization errors in optical beam shaping.