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Updated: Jun 12, 2026

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions
08:57

Scalable Syntheses of Graphene Oxide and Reduced Graphene Oxide using Cascade Design Oxidation and Highly Basic Reduction Reactions

Published on: July 3, 2025

The route to functional graphene oxide.

Kinga Haubner1, Jan Murawski, Phillip Olk

  • 1Technische Universität Dresden, Professur für Makromolekulare Chemie, Zellescher Weg 19, 01069 Dresden, Germany.

Chemphyschem : a European Journal of Chemical Physics and Physical Chemistry
|May 22, 2010
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed a simple method to create functionalized graphite oxide (GO) and graphene. Methylene blue (MB) dye preferentially binds to GO with more functional groups, affecting its fluorescence.

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Nanotechnology
  • Physical Chemistry

Background:

  • Graphite oxide (GO) is a precursor to graphene-like materials.
  • Functional groups on GO influence its properties and interactions.
  • Understanding these interactions is crucial for developing new materials.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To establish a reproducible synthesis of functionalized GO.
  • To investigate the reduction of GO to graphene-like materials.
  • To study the interaction between functionalized graphene derivatives and methylene blue (MB).

Main Methods:

  • Synthesis of functionalized graphite oxide (GO).
  • Chemical and thermal reduction of GO to graphene-like materials.
  • Characterization using optical absorption/emission spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman spectroscopy.

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  • Investigation of methylene blue (MB) interaction with various carbon materials.

    • Main Results:

    • A facile and reproducible method for synthesizing functionalized GO and its reduced forms was established.
    • Reduction primarily removes hydroxyl and epoxy groups, preserving carboxyl groups.
    • Methylene blue (MB) showed a strong preference for binding to GO and chemically reduced GO with abundant functional groups.
    • Graphite and thermally reduced GO exhibited limited MB incorporation.
    • MB aggregation on GO surfaces was observed, forming dimers and trimers.
    • MB dimers were identified as the cause of fluorescence quenching, controllable by pH.

    Conclusions:

    • The study presents an effective route for preparing functionalized graphene derivatives.
    • The number of functional groups significantly dictates the interaction with molecules like MB.
    • MB aggregation and subsequent fluorescence quenching offer potential for sensor applications.